The phylogeny of Lens (Leguminosae): new insight from ITS sequence analysis

 Lens includes L. culinaris subsp. culinaris (the cultivated lentil) and several wild species distributed from the Mediterranean region to western Asia. We compared sequence variation in the ITS region among species of Lens in an effort to end persisting uncertainty regarding the phylogeny of the genus. The parsimony analysis revealed a single minimum-length tree with a topology congruent with patterns derived by previous studies of nuclear and chloroplast DNA RFLPs. The basal and highly divergent status of the L. nigricans clade is depicted, and the progenitor-derivative relationship between L. culinaris subsp. orientalis and L. culinaris subsp. culinaris is reaffirmed. Resolution in the tree was improved by combining the ITS data set with a pre-existing set of chloroplast DNA restriction site data obtained from the same group of samples. Received May 8, 2000 Accepted October 26, 2001     

Characteristic features of electron-ion collisions in strong electric fields

The classical motion of an electron in the Coulomb field of an ion and in a uniform external electric field is analyzed. A nondimensionalization method that makes it possible to study electron motion in arbitrarily strong electric fields is proposed. The possible electron trajectories in the plane of motion in a static field are classified. It is noted that, from a practical standpoint, the most interesting trajectories are snakelike trajectories, which are absent in the problem with a weak external field. An adiabatic approximation for transverse electron motions in quasistatic (strong) fields is constructed. A one-dimensional equation of motion is derived that accounts for transverse electron oscillations and the increase in the effective electron mass as an electron approaches an ion. An analytic model is used to calculate the spectra of bremsstrahlung generated by individual electrons. The calculated results are shown to agree well with the results of direct numerical integration of the basic equations. It is predicted that, at frequencies higher than the frequency of the incident light, pronounced peaks can appear in the spectrum of the transverse dipole moment of an electron; as a result, an electron is expected to effectively emit radiation at these frequencies in the direction of the external field.     

Inflammation markers in the serum of salt miners

The inflammation markers alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), Clara cell protein (CC-16), soluble interleukin-2-receptor (IL-R) and the soluble adhesion molecule E-selectin, the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and the vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) were determined in the serum of 195 salt-exposed miners to analyse dose-response relationships between markers and potash dust. Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Clara-cell protein, IL2-R, E-selectin and VCAM-1 were not changed by salt exposure, however the ICAM-1 level in the serum fell slightly as the salt exposure increased. This effect was strongest in the group of smokers, still visible in the group of ex-smokers, no effect was seen in non-smokers. Markers, with the exception of VCAM-1, were influenced by tobacco exposure. Since markers were not elevated in relation to salt dust exposure, the results do not support an inflammatory effect of potash dust on the respiratory system.     

Human bleomycin hydrolase regulates the secretion of amyloid precursor protein.

Human bleomycin hydrolase (hBH) is a neutral cysteine protease genetically associated with increased risk for Alzheimer disease. We show here that ectopic expression of hBH in 293APPwt and CHOAPPsw cells altered the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and increased significantly the release of its proteolytic fragment, beta amyloid (Abeta). We also found that hBH interacted and colocalized with APP as determined by subcellular fractionation, in vitro binding assay, and confocal immunolocalization. Metabolic labeling and pulse-chase experiments showed that ectopic hBH expression increased secretion of soluble APPalpha/beta products without changing the half-life of cellular APP. We also observed that this increased Abeta secretion was independent of hBH isoforms. Our findings suggest a regulatory role for hBH in APP processing pathways.     

Generation of mutants of a strain producing the new antibiotic batumin by means of transposon mutagenesis

Various plasmids carrying transposon Tn5 were used to generate insertion mutants synthesizing batumin, a unique antibiotic with a selective antistaphylococcal effect. One of the plasmids used provided a sufficient yield of the clones in question. An analysis of over 7000 clones allowed us to select the mutant clones with increased and decreased levels of batumin synthesis and the mutants that lost the ability to synthesize this antibiotic.     

Sequence requirements for Hid binding and apoptosis regulation in the baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis Op-IAP. Hid binds Op-IAP in a manner similar to Smac binding of XIAP.

It has been suggested that the Drosophila Hid protein interacts with the baculovirus Op-IAP protein in a manner similar to that of human Smac binding to XIAP, based largely on amino acid sequence homology. However, there is little direct experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis; indeed, evidence exists from previous studies suggesting that the mode of binding is not similar. We have now precisely mapped the interaction between Hid and Op-IAP, and we show clearly for the first time that the biochemical interactions between the amino terminus of Hid and BIR2 of Op-IAP are highly similar to those found between the processed amino terminus of Smac and BIR3 of XIAP. Also similar to Smac, the amino terminus of Hid must be processed to bind Op-IAP. In addition, our data also suggest that a second interaction between Hid and Op-IAP exists that does not involve the amino terminus of Hid, which may explain some of the earlier contradictory results. The evolutionary conservation of this mechanism of binding underscores its importance in apoptotic regulation. Nevertheless, interaction with Hid is not sufficient for Op-IAP to inhibit apoptosis induced by Hid overexpression or by treatment with actinomycin D, indicating that additional sequence elements are required for the anti-apoptotic function of Op-IAP.     

Dynamical Systems Approach to Higher-level Heritability

To explain higher-level heritability, we propose a dynamical systems approach, based on simulations of the high-dimensional replicator equation with mutation dynamics. We assume that all variants are generated from within the groups of variants through mutations. Simulating the equation with a random interaction matrix and possible variants, we report that this system tends to have many attractors, of fixed point, chaotic and quasiperiodic type. In a chaotic attractor, special gene-like variants appear to control the heritability ofthe system, in the sense that removal of the variants would easily enable the system to depart from the attractor. Those variants do not predominate in thepopulation size, but have the lowest net reproduction and mutation rates on average. Because their rate of growth is small, they are named neutral phenotypes. Additionally, combinatorial effects of these neutral variants to the entire system are reported.