Linkage group VI of fish of the genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae): Assignment of genes coding for glutamine synthetase,uridine monophosphate kinase,and transferrin

Electrophoretic variation ascribable to three protein-coding loci, coding for glutamine synthetase (GS), uridine monophosphate kinase (UMPK), and transferrin (Tf), was observed in three species of fish of the genus Xiphophorus. Electrophoretic patterns in interspecific F1 hybrid heterozygotes suggested monomeric subunit structures of UMPK and Tf and a multimeric structure of undetermined subunit number of GS. Linkage analyses in backcross hybrids indicated a recombination map of GS-0%-Tf-10.8%-UMPK. This group (designated Xiphophorus linkage group VI) was shown to assort independently from the 14 enzyme loci assigned to linkage groups I-V and from 19 other informative markers within the limits of the data.     

Temperature Control of Phospholipid Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

The higher the growth temperature of Escherichia coli cultures the greater is the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the bacterial phospholipids. When fatty acids are exogenously supplied to E. coli, higher growth temperatures will likewise increase the relative incorporation of saturated fatty acids into phospholipids. One of the steps in the utilization of fatty acids for phospholipid biosynthesis is, therefore, temperature-controlled. The temperature effect observed in vivo with mixtures of ³H-oleate and ¹⁴C-palmitate is demonstrable in vitro by using mixtures of the coenzyme A derivative of these fatty acids for the acylation of α-glycerol phosphate to lysophosphatidic and phosphatidic acids. In E. coli extracts, the relative rates of transacylation of palmityl and oleyl coenzyme A vary as a function of incubation temperature in a manner which mimics the temperature control observed in vivo. The phosphatidic acid synthesized in vitro shows a striking enrichment of oleate at the β position analogous to the positional specificity observed in phospholipids synthesized in vivo.     

Tensor products of digraphs and the structure of groups of pairs

The tensor product of two digraphs turns out to be a digraph with certain special properties. Several theorems presenting some of these properties are proved, and a characterization of tensor products having a prime number of lines is obtained. Applications are presented in which tensor products are used as structural models of groups of pairs of individuals formed from two original groups of singles.     

Quantitative studies of postnatal changes in synapses in rat superficial motor cerebral cortex

Summary Quantitation of synapses at different postnatal ages has been undertaken in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In this study axial ratios of presynaptic bags, proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags and numbers of synapses per unit volume of cortex have been estimated. Observations on synaptic vesicle packing densities have also been made.Synaptic bags become increasingly spherical up to 7 days of age and become more elongated thereafter. The proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags increases rapidly up to 7 days of age and then at a decelerated rate up to maturity. The number of synapses per unit volume increases slowly over the first four days after which there is a rapid increase to 14 days, followed by a decelerated rate.The average presynaptic bag shows marked changes in volume with increasing age which indicate the probability of two stages of synaptic development. This two stage development is further reflected in the estimates on vesicle packing densities. The implications of the results are discussed in relationship to changes in functional activity of the cortex during postnatal development.The authors wish to express their thanks to Mr. R. Birchenough and Mr. J. Manston for much technical assistance.     

Cytologische Untersuchungen an Nematodengallen

Zusammenfassung Zwei verschiedene Faktoren bewirken die Vergrößerung der Riesenzellen (RZ) in den Gallen des NematodenMeloidogyne arenaria (auf Kakteen und anderen Wirten): die Hypertrophie der wachsenden RZ und die Syncytienbildung (Auflösung trennender Zellwände und Verschmelzung kleinerer Zellen).Parallel mit der Entwicklung des Parasiten durchlaufen die RZ und ihre Kerne vier verschiedene Entwicklungsstadien; währenddessen verändern diese Kerne auf charakteristische Weise ihre Größe, Struktur und Gestalt, parallel damit erhöht sich der Polyploidiegrad (die Charakteristika der einzelnen Stadien sind vom jeweiligen Wirt weitgehend unabhängig): der Umriß wandelt sich vorerst durch starke physiologische Beanspruchung des Kerns, in späteren Stadien durch davon unabhängige Mitosestörungen bzw. durch Spindel- und Plattenverschmelzungen während der synchronen Teilungen in den RZ (bei der CrassulaceeCotyledon treten Mikronuklei auf). Die beiden letztgenannten Vorgänge verursachen die Polyploidisierung sowohl in den RZ als auch in manchen unmittelbar an die RZ anschließenden parenchymatischen Zellen, während das übrige Gewebe weitgehend unbeeinflußt bleibt.Eng mit den genannten Ursachen hängt die sehr variable Zahl der Kerne pro RZ und ihre Struktur zusammen: im Stadium der größten physiologischen Beanspruchung der RZ ist der Kern sehr wolkig, später sind die Chromozentren sehr kompakt. Unabhängig vom jeweiligen Entwicklungsstadium der RZ ist das Chromatin an der Peripherie des Kerns konzentriert. Durch die Ursachen, die zu Polyploidisierung und variablem Umriß führen, kommt es zu wahrscheinlich plasmatischen Einfaltungen und Einschlüssen innerhalb des Kerns.Nicht nur im Gallen-, sondern auch im unbeeinflußten Gewebe zeigen Kerne ab einer bestimmten Größe bzw. eines bestimmten Polyploidiegrades stärker lichtbrechende, nicht oder nur wenig anfärbbare, in ihrer Größe zwar vom Kernvolumen abhängige, doch trotzdem kleine Kugeln (in kleineren Kernen sind sie wahrscheinlich nur wegen ihrer Kleinheit nicht auffindbar). Sie sind nur in Glutaraldehyd-fixiertem Material sichtbar, AE als Fixierungsmittel löst sie auf. Sie befinden sich oft in unmittelbarer Umgebung des Nukleolus und hängen wahrscheinlich ursächlich mit ihm zusammen, aber eine exakte Analyse kann nicht gegeben werden.

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Summary Two determining factors induce the enlargement of giant cells in galls caused by the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria in roots of some Cactaceae and other hosts): hypertrophy of the growing giant cells and formation of syncytia.Corresponding with the evolution of the parasitic larva the giant cells and their nuclei become altered through four different stages; the nuclei change their volume, structure, shape and their degree of polyploidy, independent of the specific host: the contour of the nuclei is altered during the development of the giant cells first by physiological factors, on the other hand — later on — by mitotic inhibition resp. by fusing mitotic spindles or mitotic figures during synchronous mitotic divisions in the giant cells (micronuclei occur inCotyledon, Crassulaceae). Polyploidization is induced by the last two mentioned factors in giant cells as well as in some parenchymatous cells surrounding giant cells.Conditioned by these mentioned factors the number of nuclei per giant cell, their structure and shape are very variable. All nuclei in the giant cells possess a significant feature: accumulation of the chromatin material at the nuclear periphery, while the centre of the nucleus is almost optically empty. This structure occurs also during the stage with the greatest physiological stress. Plasmatical foldings and inclusions occur in some voluminous nuclei, produced by the factors leading to polyploidy resp. to variable shape.Not only in giant cells, but also in normal tissues — if their nuclei have reached a low degree of polyploidy — small, refractioning, poor stainable globules exist (they cannot be seen in small nuclei, probably they are too small): they are often sitting upon the nucleolus and are surely corresponding with him, their exact constitution and origin is unknown. They can only be seen in Glutaraldehyd-fixed material, in acetic-alcohol-fixation they are dissolved.

     

Interaction of the exr and lon Genes in Escherichia coli

Strains of Escherichia coli carrying the gene lon typically produced excess capsular polysaccharide, and were sensitive to ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation, thymine starvation, and nalidixic acid, forming long filaments after these treatments. Sensitivity was reduced by a number of posttreatments. In the presence of a second UV sensitivity gene, exr, some of these properties were suppressed: long filaments were not formed, the effect of lon on UV and nalidixic acid sensitivity was greatly reduced, and irradiation posttreatments gave an enhancement of survival characteristic of exr rather than lon strains. Production of capsular polysaccharide was not affected by the exr gene.