Conditions for isolation and culture of porcine myogenic satellite cells.

Myogenic satellite cells were isolated from semimembranosus muscles of 4-8 week-old pigs. Muscles were ground and incubated in 0.8 mg/ml Pronase solution for 40 min at 37 degrees C. Following enzymatic digestion, cells were separated from muscle debris by differential centrifugation and sequential filtering through 500 and 53 microns nylon mesh. Primary cultures grown in 16 mm diameter cell culture wells were used to evaluate five sera, media, and substrata for their ability to promote satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Porcine satellite cell proliferation and myotube formation were optimized in cultures grown on gelatin-coated substratum in the presence of Minimum Essential Medium-alpha supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (P less than 0.01). Maximum fusion was induced by 48 hr exposure to 2% FBS, horse serum, or lamb serum. These data 1) document the first evidence that myogenic satellite cells can be isolated from porcine skeletal muscle, and 2) identify culture conditions which optimize proliferation and myotube formation of porcine satellite cells.     

Tribromo- and trifluoroborane adducts of some pyrazines

The trifluoro- and tribromoborane adducts of some methyl substituted pyrazines were synthesized and characterized. The 2:1 molecular adducts (e.g., C₄H₄N₂·2BX₃) could be isolated with unsubstituted, 2-methyl, 2,3-dimethyl, and 2,6-dimethyl pyrazines. The 1:1 molecular adducts could be isolate only with 2,6-dimethylpyrazine. The adducts were characterized by elemental analyses and infrared spectroscopy. The adducts were studied using ¹¹B-NMR and chemical shift assignments made. The chemical shift assignments and the different reactivities of the two nitrogen sites in 2,6-dimethylpyrazine are discussed.     

Untersuchungen über tages- und jahresperiodische Änderungen im Energiehaushalt gekäfigter Zugvögel

Zusammenfassung Die Jahresperiodik des Körpergewichtes (KG) von Dorngrasmücken (Sylvia communis), Rotkehlchen (Erithacus rubecula) und einigen anderen Arten wird beschrieben. Während das KG der Dorngrasmücken im Herbst das Jahresmaximum erreicht, bildet es das Rotkehlchen erst im Frühjahr aus. Beide Arten erhöhen das KG auch zu Beginn der entsprechenden anderen Zugphase.Die Futteraufnahme ist bei beiden Arten im Frühjahr am stärksten, doch auch im Herbst deutlich erhöht. Bei gefütterten Tieren steigt der RQ in den Phasen der Zugdisposition und der nächtlichen Zugunruhe (a) im Mittel von 13–17 Uhr über 1. In den Ruhephasen (b) überschreitet er dagegen im Laufe der Hellphase nur schwach 0,9 (höchster Mittelwert). Ein Vergleich der Futteraufnahme während der Stoffwechselversuche von Tieren in Phase a mit solchen in b ergibt keine Unterschiede. Die Höhe des RQ schlafender Tiere in der Dunkelheit wird von der zugunruhiger Vögel nur wenig überschritten. Der RU zugunruhiger Vögel konnte nicht exakt erfaßt werden. Eine Stütze für die Annahme, daß seine Absenkung eine der Ursachen für die Depotbildung ist, fand sich nicht. Der RU im Winter dürfte jedoch tiefer als der des Sommers sein.Die KT der Hellzeit unterliegt einer Jahresperiodik. Kommt es zu einem Anstieg des KG, fällt sie ab.Echte positive oder negative Korrelationen zwischen den einzelnen Werten ließen sich nicht nachweisen. Sie sind jedoch auch kaum zu erwarten, da augenscheinlich eine Vielzahl von Faktoren die Ausbildung des KG bestimmt.Ebenso wie aus den Untersuchungen der tages- und jahresperiodischen Aktivitätsänderungen (Merkel 1956) geschlossen wurde, deuten die mitgeteilten Befunde darauf hin, daß eine endokrine Umstellung in der Hellzeit vor und während der Zugphasen auftritt. Diese Sparregulation ist für die Depotbildung verantwortlich zu machen. Sie löst den erhöhten Kohlenhydrat-Fettumbau und die Hyperphagie aus, senkt die Aktivität und die Wärmeproduktion und stellt so die Energiedepots bereit, die dann dem Vogel in der Dunkelzeit für die Durchführung des nächtlichen Zuges zur Verfügung stehen, der überdies im Vergleich zum Zuge in der Hellzeit ökonomischer sein dürfte.     

MITOSIS IN SUSPENSION CULTURES OF HIGHER PLANT CELLS IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM

Torrey , J. G., J. Reinert , and N. Merkel . (Harvard U., Cambridge, Mass.) Mitosis in suspension cultures of higher plant cells in a synthetic medium. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(4): 420–425. Illus. 1962.—A cytological study was made of plant tissue cultures growing in liquid synthetic medium. Mitoses in cell suspension cultures of root callus tissues of Daucus carota L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Haplopappus gracilis (Nutt.) Gray were found to occur frequently in the first 2 weeks of culture with the highest frequency at about 7 days. No mitoses were observed after 3 weeks, although fresh weight and the number of free-floating cells in the suspension continued to increase for the entire culture period of 4–6 weeks. Mitoses were most frequent in tissue pieces, but occasional mitoses in single isolated cells in suspension were observed in each type of tissue. Normal mitoses were observed in diploid and polyploid cells of all 3 types of tissues cultures. Little evidence of nuclear or chromosomal aberrations was observed in these cultures.     

Convenient syntheses of homopropargylglycine

An improved classic Strecker synthesis was elaborated leading to racemic homopropargylglycine (Hpg) in 61% overall yield, while an asymmetric Strecker reaction produced Hpg and the higher homolog 2‐aminohept‐6‐ynoic acid in significantly higher yields and over 80% ee. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of time‐lapse photography and digital image analysis to estimate breeding success of a cliff‐nesting seabird

Development of new methods for obtaining basic demographic data from difficult‐to‐access breeding colonies and easily disturbed species is an important challenge in studies of seabirds. We describe a method that can generate data concerning annual breeding success of cliff‐nesting seabirds or other colonial birds with open nests. Our method requires only a single visit to a colony every second or third year, and is based on the use of automated time‐lapse photography. To test our method, we used time‐lapse photos to examine the breeding success of Thick‐billed Murres (Uria lomvia) in two breeding colonies in Greenland during the years 2011, 2012, and 2014. Based on the analysis of time‐lapse photos, we found that hatching success during the 3 yr of our study ranged from 60% to 81%, fledging success from 89% to 95%, and breeding success from 53% to 74% (Table 1). Use of digital image analysis made it possible to differentiate between breeding and non‐breeding birds and determine if and when breeding attempts failed or succeeded. The key to making our method a realistic long‐term monitoring technique is the use of an automated, formal image analysis to process the thousands of photos from the time‐lapse cameras and, more specifically, to reduce a large number of photos to a manageable number. Using our method, we needed 12–22 h per study plot, depending on the number of breeding sites per plot (range = 47–127) and whether it was the first or the second time the plot was analyzed, to obtain our estimates of hatching, fledging, and breeding success. This included time for data preparation, image analyses, visual inspections, and summarizing data in a spreadsheet. We found that our estimates of breeding success were comparable to those obtained by direct observation in the field. An important aspect of using time‐lapse technology is to foresee potential reasons why time‐lapse cameras might stop taking pictures, for example, equipment failure (camera, timer, or battery) or interference by visitors (e.g., vandalism or theft). As such, thorough testing of time‐lapse systems and selecting camera locations less likely to be disturbed are most important. We believe that use of time‐lapse photography in combination with digital image analysis to estimate breeding success can be useful for determining the breeding success of other cliff‐nesting seabirds and, more generally, other birds that breed in colonies, especially those located in remote areas and where direct observation may disturb birds.