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101.
102.
Milk consumption was measured in pouch young of the northern brown bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus , using the 22 Na turnover technique. Milk consumption rates increased from about 2.3 ml young−1 d−1 at 23 days post-partum to about 17.2ml young−1 d−1 at 52 days, just prior to weaning. Young increased in mass from 8.5 g to around 112 g over the same period. Masś gained for each ml of milk consumed ranged from 0.28 to 0.65 gml−1 . The efficiency with which young converted milk energy and protein into body energy and protein ranged from 16.1 to 39.6% and 38.4 to 82.3%, respectively. 相似文献
103.
Dimitris Petroutsos Aimee M. Terauchi Andreas Busch Ingrid Hirschmann Sabeeha S. Merchant Giovanni Finazzi Michael Hippler 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2009,284(47):32770-32781
PGRL1 RNA and protein levels are increased in iron-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. In an RNAi strain, which accumulates lower PGRL1 levels in both iron-replete and -starved conditions, the photosynthetic electron transfer rate is decreased, respiratory capacity in iron-sufficient conditions is increased, and the efficiency of cyclic electron transfer under iron-deprivation is diminished. Pgrl1-kd cells exhibit iron deficiency symptoms at higher iron concentrations than wild-type cells, although the cells are not more depleted in cellular iron relative to wild-type cells as measured by mass spectrometry. Thiol-trapping experiments indicate iron-dependent and redox-induced conformational changes in PGRL1 that may provide a link between iron metabolism and the partitioning of photosynthetic electron transfer between linear and cyclic flow. We propose, therefore, that PGRL1 in C. reinhardtii may possess a dual function in the chloroplast; that is, iron sensing and modulation of electron transfer. 相似文献
104.
Mark Merchant Stephanie Williams Phillip L Trosclair Ruth M Elsey Kaili Mills 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2007,148(4):921-925
Temperature probes were inserted into the stomachs of juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) maintained outdoors at ambient fluctuating temperatures. Internal body temperatures (T(b)) were measured every 15 min for two days, and then the alligators were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pyrogen-free saline, or left untreated. Alligators injected intraperitoneally with LPS exhibited maximum T(b)s 2.6+/-1.1 degrees C and 3.5+/-1.2 degrees C higher than untreated control animals on days one and two after treatment, respectively. T(b)s for these animals fell to within control ranges by day three postinjection. Similarly, mean preferred body temperatures (MPBTs) were significantly higher for LPS-injected alligators on days one (4.2+/-1.8 degrees C) and two (3.5+/-1.6 degrees C) after treatment. Intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed Aeromonas hydrophila, a gram-negative bacterium known to infect crocodilians, resulted in a fever while injection of Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) did not elicit a febrile response. Injection of LPS in alligators maintained indoors in a constant temperature environment resulted in no increase in internal T(b). These results indicate that alligators did not exhibit a febrile response in the absence of a thermal gradient, and suggest that febrile responses observed are probably behavioral in nature. 相似文献
105.
We have generated a series of quenched near-infrared fluorescent activity-based probes (qNIRF-ABPs) that covalently target the papain-family cysteine proteases shown previously to be important in multiple stages of tumorigenesis. These 'smart' probes emit a fluorescent signal only after covalently modifying a specific protease target. After intravenous injection of NIRF-ABPs into mice bearing grafted tumors, noninvasive, whole-body imaging allowed direct monitoring of cathepsin activity. Importantly, the permanent nature of the probes also allowed secondary, ex vivo biochemical profiling to identify specific proteases and to correlate their activity with whole-body images. Finally, we demonstrate that these probes can be used to monitor small-molecule inhibition of protease targets both biochemically and by direct imaging methods. Thus, NIRF-ABPs are (i) potentially valuable new imaging agents for disease diagnosis and (ii) powerful tools for preclinical and clinical testing of small-molecule therapeutic agents in vivo. 相似文献
106.
NA Veniaminova MM Hayes JM Varney JL Merchant 《American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology》2012,303(6):G752-G764
Antral gastrin is the hormone known to stimulate acid secretion and proliferation of the gastric corpus epithelium. Patients with mutations in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) locus, which encodes the protein menin, develop pituitary hyperplasia, insulinomas, and gastrinomas in the duodenum. We previously hypothesized that loss of menin leads to derepression of the gastrin gene and hypergastrinemia. Indeed, we show that menin represses JunD induction of gastrin in vitro. Therefore, we examined whether conditional deletion of Men1 (Villin-Cre and Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-CreERT2), with subsequent loss of menin from the gastrointestinal epithelium, increases gastrin expression. We found that epithelium-specific deletion of Men1 using Villin-Cre increased plasma gastrin, antral G cell numbers, and gastrin expression in the antrum, but not the duodenum. Moreover, the mice were hypochlorhydric by 12 mo of age, and gastric somatostatin mRNA levels were reduced. However, duodenal mRNA levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) were decreased, and cell proliferation determined by Ki67 staining was increased. About 11% of the menin-deficient mice developed antral tumors that were negative for gastrin; however, gastrinomas were not observed, even at 12 mo of age. No gastrinomas were observed with conditional deletion of Men1 in the Lgr5 stem cells 5 mo after Cre induction. In summary, epithelium-specific deletion of the Men1 locus resulted in hypergastrinemia due to antral G cell hyperplasia and a hyperproliferative epithelium, but no gastrinomas. This result suggests that additional mutations in gene targets other than the Men1 locus are required to produce gastrin-secreting tumors. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
Merchant M Williams S Hardy R 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2009,152(1):67-71
This study was conducted to characterize the production of superoxide ions by leukocytes in whole blood of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). We used WST-1, a tetrazolium salt which can be reduced to a water-soluble formazan compound with high molar absorptivity at 438 nm, to probe the production of superoxide by alligator leukocytes. Incubation of alligator whole blood with WST-1 resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent increase in absorbance of the plasma at 438 nm. The reduction of WST-1 was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of superoxide to peroxide, confirming that the reduction of WST-1 was due to the presence of superoxide. Treatment of whole blood with nitrotetrazolium blue (NBT) resulted in the staining of heterophils and monocytes, enforcing the idea that that the production of superoxide is due to the presence of leukocytes, and not other blood cell components. It is interesting to note that the production of superoxide by the alligator leukocytes required no external stimulation while human leukocytes must be stimulated with an immunological challenge before producing superoxide. This is the first report of the production of superoxide as an innate immune mechanism in crocodilians. 相似文献
110.
Ekué Marius RM Sinsin Brice Eyog-Matig Oscar Finkeldey Reiner 《Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine》2010,6(1):1-14