Enantioselective Degradation of Indoxacarb From Different Commercial Formulations Applied to Tea

The stereoselective degradation of indoxacarb enriched with (+)‐S‐indoxacarb (S/R:70/30) was investigated in three typical green teas. A convenient and precise chiral method was developed and validated for measuring indoxacarb enantiomers in green tea. The developed method was based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using a Chiralpak IC column. The stereoselective degradation of indoxacarb enantiomers showed that the (+)‐S‐enantiomer dissipated faster than the (?)‐R‐enantiomer in all three typical tea farms. However, no enantiomerization was observed after applying pure (+)‐S‐indoxacarb. Residues on tea plant of the active ingredient (+)‐S‐indoxacarb from suspension concentrate (SC) was more persistent than that from emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Chirality 27:262–267, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Proton reduction at surface of transition metal nanocatalysts

Catalytic activities of neutral and charged palladium (Pd) nanoparticles are compared for hydrogen reduction half-reaction. In this work the sequential H₂ dissociation from the surface of a Pd₁₃H₂₄ cluster is systematically studied by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) at the density functional theory level. AIMD simulation is launched by preparing initial values of momenta of all nuclei in the model corresponding to a temperature range of 0–1700 K. AIMD simulation provides the trajectories of all the atoms in the cluster. A sequential H₂ desorption up to seven molecules is observed from the cluster surface due to thermal motion of nuclei. Modifications of total charge on the neutral Pd₁₃H₂₄ cluster model are found to affect surface H₂ desorption behaviour. A desorption rate of H₂ molecule on both neutral and charged Pd₁₃H₂₄ clusters is compared to the data of Pt₁₃H₂₄ cluster reported previously. The H₂ desorption energy on all the investigated clusters is also determined. The results reveal that Pd₁₃ cluster presents a higher catalytic activity than Pt₁₃ cluster.     

Biochar amendment to soils impairs developmental and reproductive performances of a major rice pest Nilaparvata lugens (Homopera: Delphacidae)

Biochar amendments to soils had aroused much interest for having potential for greenhouse gas mitigation, soil improvement and increased crop productivity. However, little attention had been focused on the influence of biochar amendments on herbivorous insect pests. This study investigated whether a biochar amendment affected developmental and reproductive performances of the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) feeding on rice plants. The biochar from the pyrolysis of wheat straw was used for treatments of soils (from a fallow rice field), and the treated soils were applied to grow rice seedlings in small vials, in which N. lugens life history was observed. The nymphal development time was delayed and nymph‐to‐adult survival decreased with a high level of 200 g/kg biochar application. Herbivore lifetime fecundity decreased with increasing amounts of biochar, from 256 eggs under the control down to 69 eggs under the high level (200 g/kg) of biochar application. Egg‐hatching rate significantly decreased at the highest biochar level (200 g/kg), compared to the other lower biochar levels. Our results suggest that biochar amendment to rice fields may have negative impacts on the rice brown planthoppers when applied at level of 200 g/kg of soil.     

Crystal structure and functional analysis of MiD49, a receptor for the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1

Mitochondrial fission requires recruitment of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondrial surface, where assembly leads to activation of its GTP‐dependent scission function. MiD49 and MiD51 are two receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane that can recruit Drp1 to facilitate mitochondrial fission. Structural studies indicated that MiD51 has a variant nucleotidyl transferase fold that binds an ADP co‐factor essential for activation of Drp1 function. MiD49 shares sequence homology with MiD51 and regulates Drp1 function. However, it is unknown if MiD49 binds an analogous co‐factor. Because MiD49 does not readily crystallize, we used structural predictions and biochemical screening to identify a surface entropy reduction mutant that facilitated crystallization. Using molecular replacement, we determined the atomic structure of MiD49 to 2.4 Å. Like MiD51, MiD49 contains a nucleotidyl transferase domain; however, the electron density provides no evidence for a small‐molecule ligand. Structural changes in the putative nucleotide‐binding pocket make MiD49 incompatible with an extended ligand like ADP, and critical nucleotide‐binding residues found in MiD51 are not conserved. MiD49 contains a surface loop that physically interacts with Drp1 and is necessary for Drp1 recruitment to the mitochondrial surface. Our results suggest a structural basis for the differential regulation of MiD51‐ versus MiD49‐mediated fission.     

秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤溶解有机碳含量和水稻产量的影响

以南粳44为供试材料,在粘土和砂土土壤中,设置麦秸秆不还田和全量还田(6000 kg·hm^-2)及3种施氮量(0、225、300 kg·hm^-2)试验,研究了麦秸秆全量还田的腐解率和有机碳释放量动态变化,及其对稻田0～45 cm土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量和水稻产量的影响.结果表明： 麦秸秆还田的前期(0～30 d)其腐解率和有机碳释放量最高,腐解率为35.0%(粘土)和31.7%(砂土),有机碳释放率为34.1%(粘土)和33.1%(砂土);30 d后两者均减小.施用氮肥可显著促进秸秆腐解和有机碳释放量,粘土中麦秸秆腐解率和有机碳释放量明显大于砂土.麦秸秆还田后土壤DOC含量逐渐增加,至25 d达最大值,粘土和砂土分别为60.18和56.62 mg·L^-1,此后逐渐减小并趋于稳定.麦秸秆还田处理15 cm处土壤DOC含量显著高于未还田处理,但两者在30和45 cm处土壤DOC含量差异不显著,说明秸秆还田主要增加了稻田0～15 cm土层DOC含量.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理土壤DOC含量降低,2种施氮处理间差异不显著.秸秆还田减少了水稻前期分蘖发生量,显著降低了有效穗数,增加了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,显著提高了水稻产量.     

烟草叶片对不同光质短期应答的代谢轮廓

在烟草上部叶片生理成熟期给以白、紫外A、蓝、绿、黄、红6种LED灯光处理,研究了烟草叶片对不同光质的短期应答.结果表明: 采用非靶标检测方法共检测到68种GC/MS(气相色谱/质谱)稳定的代谢产物,在PLS-DA得分图中,6种光处理的样品被明显分开;有61种在质谱库中得到鉴定,其中45种代谢物质含量在不同光处理间存在显著性差异,主要为有机酸类、糖类、TCA循环中间产物、氨基酸类等初级代谢产物;采用差异性代谢物的热力图及聚类分析将其分为5类,同时也将6个处理明显分开,其中红、蓝光处理差异最为明显,除B类物质外,其他4类均以红光处理高于蓝光处理.采用靶标性检测方法测定了3种生物碱、5种多酚及茄尼醇的含量,4种(加上非靶标测定到的烟碱)生物碱在不同光质处理间的变化趋势一致,红光和黄光明显促进了生物碱积累;莰菲醇基芸香苷和芸香苷在不同处理之间的变化趋势一致,以蓝光处理最低、黄光最高,光质对其他3种多酚的影响各异;黄光明显抑制了茄尼醇的积累,蓝光处理的叶片中茄尼醇含量最高.说明光质变化对烟草脂肪酸代谢、糖代谢、生物碱代谢、氨基酸代谢、TCA循环和莽草酸途径等多条代谢途径均有显著的影响.     

转BT+ CPTI基因抗虫棉的种植对土壤根际反硝化菌丰度和多样性影响

摘要:【目的】为评价转基因棉花的种植对根际土壤反硝化细菌丰度和多样性的影响,【方法】以转Bt + CpTI 基因抗虫棉(SGK321)及非转基因亲本棉花石远321(SY321)根际土壤反硝化细菌为研究对象,分别在种植前和棉花的不同生长时期(蕾期、花期、铃期和絮期)取样。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法和末端标记限制性片段多态性(T-RFLP)技术对土壤中反硝化细菌的功能基因nosZ基因进行定量和多样性分析。【结果】结果发现随棉花不同生长时期两种棉花根际土壤中的反硝化细菌丰度均发生显著变化,但变化趋势不同。转基因棉花根际土壤反硝化细菌从种植前的3.12×106 copies/g dry soil一直增加到铃期的2.81×107 copies/g dry soil,增加了8倍。非转基因棉花根际土壤反硝化细菌丰度变化受生长周期影响更为显著,表现为蕾期增加,花期降低,铃期又增加的趋势。典范相关及部分典范相关分析反硝化细菌多样性结果表明其多样性受环境因素pH、硝酸根浓度以及棉花生长时期(蕾期和花期)影响最为显著,但此外棉花品种也起到了非常重要的作用,【结论】反硝化细菌的丰度和多样性既受棉花生长时期的影响,同时也受棉花品种的影响,转基因棉花通过调节根际土壤中的pH 和硝酸根浓度,来影响其多样性和丰度。转Bt + CpTI基因抗虫棉的种植增加了土壤pH,从而导致根际土壤反硝化细菌的多样性和丰度增加。