Intradimensional and extradimensional shifts in conditional discrimination

Two groups of pigeons learned a two key conditional discrimination. Color was the conditional stimulus and form the choice stimulus for subjects in one group. Form was the conditional stimulus and color the choice stimulus in the other group. Half the subjects in each group then underwent an intradimensional shift: The conditional stimulus dimension and choice stimulus dimension were unchanged but the correct and incorrect stimulus compounds were reversed. The remaining subjects underwent an extra-dimensional shift in which the conditional stimulus dimension and choice stimulus dimension were reversed. Subjects which experienced an intradimensional shift learned the new conditional discrimination more quickly. It was concluded that subjects followed rules to solve conditional discriminations but also learned the functions of each stimulus dimension.     

不同训练负荷太极拳运动对早中期帕金森病患者康复疗效

目的 通过对比对照组和太极拳运动组，评价太极拳运动在早中期帕金森病患者康复作用。方法 45例帕金森病患者随机分为：对照组（n=15），不接受干预；太极拳1组（n=15）采用24式简化太极拳练习，40 min/次，3次/周；太极拳2组（n=15）采用24式简化太极拳练习，60 min/次，3次/周。在基线、12周、24周运动后采用患者跌倒功效量表（FES）、起立-行走计时测试（TUGT）、Berg平衡量表评分（BBS）、统一帕金森病评定量表（UPDRS） Ⅲ评分、汉密尔顿焦虑抑郁量表评分（HAMD、HAMA）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评分（PSQI）进行评估。结果 太极拳1组，24周对比基线在TUGT、BBS评分的改善上有统计学意义（P<0.05）。太极拳2组，24周对比基线在TUGT、 BBS评分的改善上有统计学意义（P<0.05）,24周对比12周在TUGT的改善上有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 太极拳运动可以改善早中期帕金森病患者的平衡障碍，可降低跌倒风险。     

Twelve amplified and expressed genes localized in a single domain in glioma

Gene amplification has been associated both with tumor stage and progression in human gliomas. Several distinct amplified loci have been identified by comparative genomic hybridization and Southern blot analysis. It has been increasingly recognized that amplified domains comprise multiple genes. Here, we demonstrate amplification of up to 12 different genes from an amplified domain at 12q13–15 that has been found in approximately 15% of astrocytomas and glioblastomas. The amplified genes were GLI, WNT1, MDM2, SAS, CDK4, OS-4, GAS16, GAS27, GAS41, GAS56, GAS 64 and GAS89. In one glioblastoma all 12 amplified genes were also found to be expressed. These results strongly warrant the search for as yet unidentified genes in regions previously reported to be amplified. Received: 3 June 1996 / Revised: 4 July 1996     

Development and utilization of a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel to assign NotI linking probes to the long arm of human chromosome 6.

A somatic cell hybrid mapping panel that defines seven regions of the long arm and one region of the short arm of human chromosome 6 has been developed. Utilizing this panel, 17 NotI boundary clones from a NotI linking library were regionally assigned to the long arm of chromosome 6. The majority of these clones (11) were found to localize within band regions 6q24-q27. The nonuniform distribution of NotI sites may indicate a cluster of HTF islands and likely represents a coincidence of coding sequences in this region of chromosome 6. Cross-hybridization of these linking clones to DNA from other species (zoo blots) provides further evidence for transcribed sequences in 7 of the NotI clones. These NotI clones were also used to identify corresponding NotI fragments using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, facilitating further physical mapping of this region. Finally, regional assignment of five polymorphic probes to the long arm of chromosome 6 is also presented. These hybrids and probes should facilitate the construction of a physical and genetic linkage map to assist in the identification of disease loci along chromosome 6.     

Colony-stimulating factors and regulation of macrophage tumoricidal and microbicidal activities

Conditioned medium from antigen- or mitogen-stimulated spleen cells, lymphokines, contained factors that induced formation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies in cultures of bone marrow cells (CSF). Lymphokines also contained factors that induced macrophage non-specific tumoricidal activity against fibrosarcoma 1023, antibody-dependent tumoricidal activity against lymphoma 18-8, and antimicrobial activities against amastigotes of the protozoan parasite, Leishmania tropica. The factors that regulated macrophage effector functions, however, were different from those that induced colony formation, and could be distinguished from CSF by Sephadex gel chromatography or heat sensitivity. To further analyze a role for CSF in induction of macrophage effector activities, conditioned medium from several nonlymphoid cell sources (L-929, WEHI-3, and endotoxin-treated lung cells) were assayed for CSF activities and capacity to induce tumoricidal and microbicidal activities. Conditioned medium that contained either macrophages CSF (CSF-1) or the factor that induced formation of both macrophage and granulocyte colonies failed to activate macrophages for effector activities against fibrosarcoma 1023, lymphoma 18-8, and L. tropica amastigotes (either resistance to infection or intracellular destruction). These data suggest that CSF has no direct role in activation of macrophages for tumoricidal and microbicidal activities against these targets.