全文获取类型
收费全文 | 727篇 |
免费 | 33篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
761篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 13篇 |
2020年 | 10篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 20篇 |
2017年 | 12篇 |
2016年 | 22篇 |
2015年 | 18篇 |
2014年 | 23篇 |
2013年 | 40篇 |
2012年 | 47篇 |
2011年 | 45篇 |
2010年 | 34篇 |
2009年 | 28篇 |
2008年 | 53篇 |
2007年 | 35篇 |
2006年 | 39篇 |
2005年 | 31篇 |
2004年 | 20篇 |
2003年 | 31篇 |
2002年 | 20篇 |
2001年 | 11篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
1972年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1966年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有761条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
In patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD), we analyzed correlations between the parameters of contingent negative
variation (CNV) and data of variational pulsometry (according to the measurements of R-R ECG intervals). Studies were carried
out on 35 patients (group PD), 49 to 74 years old, with the stage of disease of 1.5 to 3.0 according to the Hoehn-Yahr international
classification. In the course of CNV recording (i.e., in the state of a certain functional loading), we observed significant
negative correlations between the integral magnitude (area) of this potential and indices of variational pulsometry (RMSSD,
SDNN, C. var, and HF) that characterize the intensity of parasympathetic (respiratory) influences on the cardiovascular system.
In the control group, such correlations were absent. We found significant correlations between the autonomic balance, CNV
magnitude, and stage of PD reflecting the level of generalization of the pathological process. In the subgroup of patients
with the PD stage 1.5 to 2.0, significant changes in the mean values of indices of parasympathetic influences during recording
of the CNV were not observed, while in another subgroup (the PD stage 2.5 to 3.0), these values increased significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). If the estimates of the PD stage were low, the CNV area demonstrated greater values (P < 0.01). The disturbance of coordination of muscle-to-muscle interactions in the PD group is, probably, an important factor
responsible for parasympathetic dysregulation and suppression of the CNV generation. We found positive correlation between
the intensity of parasympathetic influences in the course of CNV recording and the level of postural disorders (r = 0.37, P < 0.05). On the contrary, the CNV magnitude demonstrated a negative correlation with the intensity of these disorders (r = −0.36, P < 0.05), as well as with the level of postural instability (r = −0.55, P < 0.001). We hypothesize that alterations of the autonomic balance and the activity of those cerebral structures, which are
responsible for the motor readiness, result, to a significant extent, from weakening of the activity of the noradrenergic
system due to degenerative processes developing in cells of the locus coeruleus. The impairment of the latter structure, together with degeneration of neurons of the substantia nigra and a decrease in the level of nigro-striatal dopamine, underlies the pathomorphological pattern of PD.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 242–253, May–June, 2008. 相似文献
2.
3.
R Bergene A Minegishi P Riesz T B Mel? 《International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine》1980,37(3):237-247
Electron spin resonance techniques were used to study the gamma-radiation-induced free radicals in single crystals of glutaric acid in the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K. Three different radicals are stabilized at 77 K. The decarboxylation radical is the dominant species and the other two radicals are assigned to the anion and to the substituted acetyl sigma-radical. When the temperature of the crystal is raised, these radicals disappear and the previously studied room temperature radicals appear. E.S.R.-data and the results from semi-empirical INDO-MO calculations were compared in order to elucidate the structures of the various radicals. 相似文献
4.
Hernández-Montiel HL Meléndez-Herrera E Cepeda-Nieto AC Mejía-Viggiano C Larriva-Sahd J Guthrie S Varela-Echavarría A 《Developmental biology》2003,255(1):99-112
We have addressed the control of longitudinal axon pathfinding in the developing hindbrain, including the caudal projections of reticular and raphe neurons. To test potential sources of guidance signals, we assessed axon outgrowth from embryonic rat hindbrain explants cultured in collagen gels at a distance from explants of midbrain-hindbrain boundary (isthmus), caudal hindbrain, or cervical spinal cord. Our results showed that the isthmus inhibited caudally directed axon outgrowth by 80% relative to controls, whereas rostrally directed axon outgrowth was unaffected. Moreover, caudal hindbrain or cervical spinal cord explants did not inhibit caudal axons. Immunohistochemistry for reticular and raphe neuronal markers indicated that the caudal, but not the rostral projections of these neuronal subpopulations were inhibited by isthmic explants. Companion studies in chick embryos showed that, when the hindbrain was surgically separated from the isthmus, caudal reticulospinal axon projections failed to form and that descending pioneer axons of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) play an important role in the caudal reticulospinal projection. Taken together, these results suggest that diffusible chemorepellent or nonpermissive signals from the isthmus and substrate-anchored signals on the pioneer MLF axons are involved in the caudal direction of reticulospinal projections and might influence other longitudinal axon projections in the brainstem. 相似文献
5.
Iron-efficient (WF9 corn and Coker 227 oat) and Fe-inefficient (ys1 corn and TAM 0–312 oat) cultivars were comparatively tested for their response to Fe-deficiency stress induced by the use of either ferrous or ferric chelators. Corn and oats were grown in 20 M Fe with 0, 60, and 120 M BPDS and 40 M Fe with 0, 120, and 240 M BPDS and 20 M Fe with 0 and 40 M EDDHA. All four cultivars tested, both Fe-efficient and Fe-inefficient, continuously reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ at a low level as evidenced by the production of Fe2+ (BPDS)3 in test nutrient solutions over time. Severity of chlorosis increased as more BPDS was added to the nutrient solutions for both WF9 and ys1 corn, but unlike corn, Coker 227 and TAM 0-312 oats were both able to obtain Fe from the Fe2+ (BPDS)3 complex and were less chlorotic as a result. In short-term (4-hour) in vivo measurements, iron-stressed WF9 (Fe-efficient) corn reduced more Fe3+ to Fe2+ than similarly stressed ys1 corn, Coker 227 oat or TAM 0-312 oat. Thus, at the same time that Fe-efficient WF9 corn reduces more Fe than the other cultivars, it is also unable to compete with BPDS for that Fe in the nutrient solution. These differences coupled with the observation that only Coker 227 oat produced measureable iron solubilizing substances (phytosiderophores) suggest that these two species differ in their mechanisms for obtaining Fe during Fe-deficiency stress. 相似文献
6.
Maureen P. Martin Anita Harding Robert Chadwick Mel Kronick Michael Cullen Ling Lin Emmanuel Mignot M. Carrington 《Immunogenetics》1997,47(2):131-138
The human genome contains a large number of interspersed microsatellite repeats which exhibit a high degree of polymorphism
and are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, making them extremely useful genetic markers. Several microsatellites have been
described in the HLA region, but allele nomenclature, a set of broadly distributed controls, and typing methods have not been standardized, which
has resulted in discrepant microsatellite data between laboratories. In this report we present a detailed protocol for genotyping
microsatellites using a semi-automated fluorescence-based method. Twelve microsatellites within or near the major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) were typed in the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop homozygous typing cell lines (HTCs) and alleles
were designated based on size. All loci were sequenced in two HTCs providing some information on the level of complexity of
the repeat sequence. A comparison of allele size obtained by genotyping versus that obtained by direct sequencing showed minor
discrepancies in some cases, but these were not unexpected given the technical differences in the methodologies. Fluorescence-based
typing of microsatellites in the MHC described herein is highly efficient, accurate, and reproducible, and will allow comparison
of results between laboratories.
Received: 10 May 1997 / Revised: 1 August 1997 相似文献
7.
Ziegler T Matikainen S Rönkkö E Osterlund P Sillanpää M Sirén J Fagerlund R Immonen M Melén K Julkunen I 《Journal of virology》2005,79(21):13800-13805
Activation of host innate immune responses was studied in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SCV)-infected human A549 lung epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). In all cell types, SCV-specific subgenomic mRNAs were seen, whereas no expression of SCV proteins was found. No induction of cytokine genes (alpha interferon [IFN-alpha], IFN-beta, interleukin-28A/B [IL-28A/B], IL-29, tumor necrosis factor alpha, CCL5, or CXCL10) or IFN-alpha/beta-induced MxA gene was seen in SCV-infected A549 cells, macrophages, or DCs. SCV also failed to induce DC maturation (CD86 expression) or enhance major histocompatibility complex class II expression. Our data strongly suggest that SCV fails to activate host cell cytokine gene expression in human macrophages and DCs. 相似文献
8.
Raquel Ordó?ez Gabriel Gallo-Oller Soledad Martínez-Soto Sheila Legarra Noémie Pata-Merci Justine Guegan Giselle Danglot Alain Bernheim Bárbara Meléndez Juan A. Rey Javier S. Castresana 《PloS one》2014,9(11)
Neuroblastoma has a very diverse clinical behaviour: from spontaneous regression to a very aggressive malignant progression and resistance to chemotherapy. This heterogeneous clinical behaviour might be due to the existence of Cancer Stem Cells (CSC), a subpopulation within the tumor with stem-like cell properties: a significant proliferation capacity, a unique self-renewal capacity, and therefore, a higher ability to form new tumors. We enriched the CSC-like cell population content of two commercial neuroblastoma cell lines by the use of conditioned cell culture media for neurospheres, and compared genomic gains and losses and genome expression by array-CGH and microarray analysis, respectively (in CSC-like versus standard tumor cells culture). Despite the array-CGH did not show significant differences between standard and CSC-like in both analyzed cell lines, the microarray expression analysis highlighted some of the most relevant biological processes and molecular functions that might be responsible for the CSC-like phenotype. Some signalling pathways detected seem to be involved in self-renewal of normal tissues (Wnt, Notch, Hh and TGF-β) and contribute to CSC phenotype. We focused on the aberrant activation of TGF-β and Hh signalling pathways, confirming the inhibition of repressors of TGF-β pathway, as SMAD6 and SMAD7 by RT-qPCR. The analysis of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway showed overexpression of PTCH1, GLI1 and SMO. We found overexpression of CD133 and CD15 in SIMA neurospheres, confirming that this cell line was particularly enriched in stem-like cells. This work shows a cross-talk among different pathways in neuroblastoma and its importance in CSC-like cells. 相似文献
9.
Naess SN Sliwka HR Partali V Melø TB Razi Naqvi K Jackson HL Lockwood SF 《Chemistry and physics of lipids》2007,148(2):63-69
The surface and aggregation properties of a synthetic, highly water-soluble carotenoid, the tetracationic astaxanthin-lysine conjugate (Asly), have been examined through measurements of surface tension, optical absorption and dynamic light scattering. The following parameters were determined: critical aggregation concentration c(M), surface concentration Gamma, molecular area a(m), free energy of adsorption and aggregation (DeltaG(ad) degrees and DeltaG(M) degrees , respectively), and the aggregate size r(H). The compound forms true monomolecular solutions in water below c(M); aggregates emerge only at rather high concentrations (> or =2.18 mM). 相似文献
10.
Results are reported on the temperature-dependence of intact-cell surface area, isotonic volume, hemolytic volume, and ghost steady-state surface area and volume, using several techniques of resistive pulse spectroscopy. Temperature was found not to alter the intact cell surface area permanently: the area remains constant at 130 +/- 1 micron 2, at temperatures ranging from 0 to 40 degrees C. Temperature does alter the steady-state volume of the cells, with a colder temperature inducing swelling by about 0.29 micron 3/deg. C. Such a temperature-induced volume change is sufficient to explain only approximately half of the fragility differences which result from temperature changes. The remainder was found to result from higher temperatures enabling a substantial transient increase in surface area of intact cells (up to at least 14% of 40 degrees C), with a corresponding increase in the cell's hemolytic volume (up to 21%). The hemolytic volume apparently increases linearly with temperature, since steady-state ghost volumes are found to increase linearly with the temperature at which the ghosts were produced. In the steady state (at high temperature), the membranes of electrically-impermeable resealed ghosts can remain extended by more than 10%, compared with membranes of the corresponding unhemolyzed, intact red cells. 相似文献