Histopathological biomarkers and genotoxicity in gill and liver tissues of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from a polluted part of the Nile River,Egypt

Fish health is affected by water pollution. Oreochromis niloticus collected during summer 2014 from El-Serw, a polluted site on the Nile River, were compared with fish from a reference site, El-Zamalek. Histopathological changes were detected in gill and liver tissue samples using light and electron microscopy. In addition, the degree of DNA damage was measured using the comet assay. To indicate the severity of water pollution at the two sites, physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations were investigated. Gill damage, including lamellar cell hyperplasia and aneurysm, was observed in the fish samples from the polluted site. The livers of fish from the polluted area showed necrosis and an increase in melanomacrophage centres. Histochemical results confirmed a marked rise of gill mucopolysaccharides and a reduction of carbohydrate stored in hepatocytes. Electron microscopy revealed clear alterations in gill and liver tissue of fish from the polluted site. The comet assay showed highly significant DNA damage in tilapia collected from the polluted site, compared to those from the reference site. Histopathological biomarkers and the comet assay may therefore be sensitive indicators of exposure to mixtures of aquatic pollutants in Nile tilapia.     

Identification of structural DNA variations in human cell cultures after long-term passage

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was adapted for genomic identification of cell cultures and evaluation of DNA stability in cells of different origin at different culture passages. DNA stability was observed in cultures after no more than 5 passages. Adipose-derived stromal cells demonstrated increased DNA instability. RAPD fragments from different cell lines after different number of passages were cloned and sequenced. The chromosomal localization of these fragments was identified and single-nucleotide variations in RAPD fragments isolated from cell lines after 8–12 passages were revealed. Some of them had permanent localization, while most variations demonstrated random distribution and can be considered as de novo mutations.     

13C tracer experiments and metabolite balancing for metabolic flux analysis: comparing two approaches

Conventional metabolic flux analysis uses the information gained from determination of measurable fluxes and a steady-state assumption for intracellular metabolites to calculate the metabolic fluxes in a given metabolic network. The determination of intracellular fluxes depends heavily on the correctness of the assumed stoichiometry including the presence of all reactions with a noticeable impact on the model metabolite balances. Determination of fluxes in complex metabolic networks often requires the inclusion of NADH and NADPH balances, which are subject to controversial debate. Transhydrogenation reactions that transfer reduction equivalents from NADH to NADPH or vice versa can usually not be included in the stoichiometric model, because they result in singularities in the stoichiometric matrix. However, it is the NADPH balance that, to a large extent, determines the calculated flux through the pentose phosphate pathway. Hence, wrong assumptions on the presence or activity of transhydrogenation reactions will result in wrong estimations of the intracellular flux distribution. Using 13C tracer experiments and NMR analysis, flux analysis can be performed on the basis of only well established stoichiometric equations and measurements of the labeling state of intracellular metabolites. Neither NADH/NADPH balancing nor assumptions on energy yields need to be included to determine the intracellular fluxes. Because metabolite balancing methods and the use of 13C labeling measurements are two different approaches to the determination of intracellular fluxes, both methods can be used to verify each other or to discuss the origin and significance of deviations in the results. Flux analysis based entirely on metabolite balancing and flux analysis, including labeling information, have been performed independently for a wild-type strain of Aspergillus oryzae producing alpha-amylase. Two different nitrogen sources, NH4+ and NO3-, have been used to investigate the influence of the NADPH requirements on the intracellular flux distribution. The two different approaches to the calculation of fluxes are compared and deviations in the results are discussed. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

RedeR: R/Bioconductor package for representing modular structures, nested networks and multiple levels of hierarchical associations

Visualization and analysis of molecular networks are both central to systems biology. However, there still exists a large technological gap between them, especially when assessing multiple network levels or hierarchies. Here we present RedeR, an R/Bioconductor package combined with a Java core engine for representing modular networks. The functionality of RedeR is demonstrated in two different scenarios: hierarchical and modular organization in gene co-expression networks and nested structures in time-course gene expression subnetworks. Our results demonstrate RedeR as a new framework to deal with the multiple network levels that are inherent to complex biological systems. RedeR is available from http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/RedeR.html.     

Population parameters and exploitation rate of Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus (Cichlidae) in Lakes Doukon and Togbadji,Benin

Growth, mortality, recruitment and relative yield per recruit of Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus from Lakes Doukon and Togbadji were studied. Data on total length, total weight and sex were recorded on a monthly basis between January and December 2013 for S. g. galilaeus captured by local fishers. The estimated asymptotic lengths L_∞ were 26.2 and 23.6?cm for Lakes Doukon and Togbadji, respectively, while the growth rate K was 0.73 in Lake Doukon and 0.87 in Lake Togbadji. Estimates of fishing mortality, 0.27 and 0.47 y^?1 for Doukon and Togbadji, respectively, were low relative to natural mortality, 1.51 and 1.74 y^?1, respectively. Sizes at first sexual maturity were 12.8 and 13.2?cm for females and males, respectively, in Lake Doukon, and 11.5 and 12.4?cm for females and males, respectively, in Lake Togbadji. The size at first capture was estimated at 13.3 and 12.7?cm for Lakes Doukon and Togbadji, respectively, which, in the light of the size at maturity estimates, indicates that fish spawn at least once before capture. The current exploitation rates of 0.15 for Lake Doukon and 0.21 for Lake Togbadji suggest that their stocks of S. g. galilaeus are not overexploited in either lake.     

Situation of mycotoxins in milk, dairy products and human milk in Egypt

Abstact  Milk and dairy products purchased at Egyptian markets and breast milk from lactating mothers in Cairo and Giza governorates were analyzed for some mycotoxins. Three of 15 cows’ milk samples were found positive for Afl. M₁ with mean value 6.3 ppb. Only one sample of dried milk was positive (5 ppb). Two of 10 hard cheese samples contained detectable levels of Afl. M₁ (3and 6 ppb), whereas one sample containing Afl. B₁ and G₁ (10 and 4 ppb resp.). For soft cheese one sample of 10 was positive for Afl. M₁ (0.5 ppb). Blue veined cheeses were free of Afl. M₁ and PR-toxins. For breast milk two of 10 samples were positive for Afl. M₁ (20%) with mean value 2.75 ppb, while 3 of 10 samples were positive for Ochratoxin A (30 %).     

土壤中棉花黄萎病菌SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光RT-PCR定量检测技术研究

为实现田间土壤棉花黄萎病菌的早期检测,建立了土壤中棉花黄萎病菌的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法.以含342bp PCR扩增产物的阳性质粒为参考,构建了标准曲线,并对该曲线的特异性、敏感性、可重复性进行了评价.结果表明,该方法具有快速、特异性强、敏感度高等特点.检测范围在3.8×103-3.8×108cop...     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection,distribution of viral types and risk factors in cervical samples from human immunodeficiency virus-positive women attending three human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune deficiency syndrome reference centres in northeastern Brazil

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients have a greater prevalence ofcoinfection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is of high oncogenic risk. Indeed, thepresence of the virus favours intraepithelial squamous cell lesion progression andmay induce cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPVinfection, distribution of HPV types and risk factors among HIV-positive patients.Cervical samples from 450 HIV-positive patients were analysed with regard to oncoticcytology, colposcopy and HPV presence and type by means of polymerase chain reactionand sequencing. The results were analysed by comparing demographic data and datarelating to HPV and HIV infection. The prevalence of HPV was 47.5%. Among theHPV-positive samples, 59% included viral types of high oncogenic risk. Multivariateanalysis showed an association between HPV infection and the presence of cytologicalalterations (p = 0.003), age greater than or equal to 35 years (p = 0.002), number ofpartners greater than three (p = 0.002), CD4⁺ lymphocyte count <200/mm³ (p = 0.041) and alcohol abuse (p = 0.004). Although high-riskHPV was present in the majority of the lesions studied, the low frequency of HPV 16(3.3%), low occurrence of cervical lesions and preserved immunological state in mostof the HIV-positive patients were factors that may explain the low occurrence ofprecancerous cervical lesions in this population.