Developing an ecological context for allelopathy

There has been a renewed interest in allelopathy as a plant–plant interaction as more plant ecologists have become involved in studying biological invasions. This resurgence highlights a major deficiency in our understanding of allelopathy—the lack of a well-developed ecological context for the interaction. In contrast to allelopathy, the plant–plant interaction of competition has a strong theoretical foundation as well as a large body of supporting empirical studies. We suggest that the plant-herbivore defense literature provides a mature and well-developed framework from which a broader ecological context for allelopathy can be developed. Here, we discuss three broad classes of questions, drawn from the herbivore defense literature, which may help to develop an appropriate ecological context for allelopathy. These questions focus on (1) variation in allelopathic expression within species, (2) community level variation in allelopathy across species, and (3) variation in the impacts of allelopathy on associated species. Addressing such broad population and community level themes in a variety of systems will be necessary to fully develop an ecological context for allelopathy and provide a theoretical basis for understanding its role in plant communities.     

Evaluation of reproductive barriers and realisation of interspecific hybridisations depending on genetic distances between species in the genus Helleborus

The genus Helleborus comprises 22 species, which are allocated to six sections. H. x hybridus and H. niger, which belong to different Helleborus sections, are economically important ornamentals. Several other species with minor impact exhibit interesting features, e.g. flower size, flower colour, foliage, scent and disease resistance, which should be introgressed into H. x hybridus or H. niger through interspecific hybridisation. The aims of this study were to investigate whether and which kind of hybridisation barriers occur in crosses between Helleborus species and if they differ in their manifestations, depending on the genetic distance of the respective partners. In order to obtain interspecific hybrids despite crossing barriers, a method to overcome these barriers should be developed. Crossing barriers in Helleborus were localised as predominantly post‐zygotic according to in situ pollen tube staining with aniline blue. For certain crosses, pre‐zygotic barriers could also be assumed, but pollen tube growth was not totally inhibited. Therefore, embryo rescue techniques via ovule culture were established to overcome the post‐zygotic barriers. Ovules were isolated from maternal plants 5–7 weeks after pollination in most cases and then cultured in vitro. Overall, 219 hybrids were successfully obtained, of which 16 were derived from inter‐sectional crosses. Hybrids were verified by flow cytometry and/or by molecular DNA markers.     

Plant performance responds to intraspecific variation in soil inocula from individual Solidago clones

Plant Ecology - Plant–soil microbe interactions are a key determinant of plant community composition and structure, with each plant species generating a unique soil microbiota. However, the...     

Exotic plant invasions over 40 years of old field successions: community patterns and associations

While exotic plant species often come to dominate disturbed communities, long-term patterns of invasion are poorly known. Here we present data from 40 yr of continuous vegetation sampling, documenting the temporal distribution of exotic plant species in old field succession. The relative cover of exotic species decreased with time since abandonment, with significant declines occurring ≥20 yr post-abandonment. The number of exotic species per plot also declined with time since abandonment while field-scale richness of exotics did not change. This suggests displacement occurring at small spatial scales. Life history types changed from short-lived herbaceous species to long-lived woody species for both native and exotic plant species. However, shrubs and lianas dominated woody cover of exotic plants while trees dominated native woody cover. The species richness of exotic and native species was positively correlated at most times. In abandoned hay fields, however, the proportion of exotic plant cover per plot was inversely related to total species richness. This relationship suggests that it is not the presence, but the abundance of exotic species that may cause a reduction in community diversity. While the development of closed-canopy forest appears to limit most introduced plant species, several shade-adapted exotic species are increasing within the fields. These invasions may cause a reversal of the patterns seen in the first 40 yr of succession and may result in further impacts on community structure.     

Cumulative solar irradiance and potential large-scale sea ice algae distribution off East Antarctica (30°E–150°E)

We present a computational model of the large-scale cumulative light exposure of sea ice in the Southern Ocean off East Antarctica (30°E–150°E). The model uses remotely sensed or modelled sea ice concentration, snow depth over sea ice, and solar irradiance data, and tracks sea ice motion over the season of interest in order to calculate the cumulative exposure of the ice field to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Light is the limiting factor to sea ice algal growth over winter and early spring, and so the results have implications for the estimation of algal biomass in East Antarctica. The model results indicate that highly light-exposed ice is restricted to within a few degrees of the coast in the eastern part of the study region, but extends much further north in the 30°E–100°E sector. The relative influences of sea ice motion, solar flux, and snow depth variations on interannual variations in model predictions were evaluated. The model estimates of cumulative PAR were found to correlate with satellite estimates of subsequent open-water chlorophyll-a concentration, consistent with the notion that sea ice algae can provide inocula for phytoplankton blooms.     

Hide and seek on two spatial scales – vegetation structure effects herbivore oviposition and egg parasitism

Habitat parameters as well as host density and distribution play an important role in host-parasitoid interactions. Vegetation structure can affect both, herbivorous insects searching for places for egg deposition and foraging egg parasitoids. Herbivores might escape egg parasitism by depositing their eggs on sites with vegetation factors unfavourable for host searching parasitoids. The importance of a particular vegetation parameter for the host-parasitoid relationship, however, might depend on the spatial scale. In this study the influence of vegetation structure on oviposition of the polyphagous tansy leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and on egg parasitism by the specialist egg parasitoid Oomyzus galerucivorus was investigated on two spatial scales in the field. Factors like vegetation height and coverage, presence of host plants and microclimate were measured and correlated with presence of herbivore eggs as well as incidence or rate of parasitism. On a larger scale 25 sites (patch size = 300–2000 m²) of suitable semi-arid grassland in different successional stages were studied. The probability that egg clutches of G. tanaceti were present at a site increased with a decreasing area covered by shrubs. Parasitism rates on the macro-site scale showed the same trend and were also higher at sites with a lower percentage of shrubs covering the area.On a smaller scale vegetation structure was investigated using 40 patches (patch size = 1 m²). While the best predictor for the presence of beetle egg masses on this scale was the complexity of vegetation, parasitism was influenced by the presence of a host plant, Achillea millefolium, and a sunny microclimate.In Wirt-Parasitoid Interaktionen spielen Wirtsdichte und -verteilung, aber auch Habitat-Parameter eine wichtige Rolle. Die Vegetationsstruktur kann sowohl herbivore Insekten auf der Suche nach Ei- ablageplätzen als auch ihre Eiparasitoide auf der Suche nach Wirten beeinflussen. Herbivore Insekten könnten einer Eiparasitierung dadurch entgehen, dass sie ihre Eier an Orte legen, die für Parasitoide ungünstige Vegetations-Parameter aufweisen. Die Bedeutung eines Vegetations-Parameters auf die Wirt-Parasitoid Beziehung kann von der räumlichen Skala abhängen, die untersucht wird. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss der Vegetationsstruktur auf die Eiablage des polyphagen Rainfarnblattkäfers Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) und auf die Parasitierung durch den spezialisierten Ei-Parasitoiden Oomyzus galerucivorus auf zwei räumlichen Skalen im Freiland. Verschiedene Vegetations-Parameter wie die Vegetationshöhe, der Deckungsgrad, das Wirtspflanzenvorkommen und das Mikroklima wurden gemessen und mit dem Vorhandensein von Eigelegen und Parasitierung korreliert. Auf der großflächigen Skala wurden 25 Flächen (Größe = 300–2000 m²) semiariden Grasslands in verschiedenen Sukzessionsstadien untersucht. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Eigelege von G. tanaceti auf einer Fläche gefunden wurden nahm mit sinkendem Verbuschungsgrad zu. Die Parasitierungsrate auf der großflächigen Skala nahm ebenfalls mit sinkendem Verbuschungsgrad zu.Kleinflächig wurde die Vegetationsstruktur in 40 Quadraten (Größe = 1 m²) untersucht. Während die Eiablage des Käfers am stärksten von der Komplexität der Vegetation beeinflusst wurde, wurde die Parasitierungsinzidenz durch das Vorkommen der Wirtspflanze Achillea millefolium und durch ein sonniges Mikroklima bestimmt.     

DETECTING DESERTIFICATION PROCESSES USING TM AND ETM+ DATA, NORTH OF ISFAHAN, IRAN

 Aims Desertification results in ecological and biological diminution of the earth, and can happen naturally or cause by anthropogenic activities. This process especially affects arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Isfahan region, where the spread of desertification is reaching critical proportions. The aim of this study is to use remotely sensed data to review the trend of desertification in the northern of Isfahan, Iran. Methods Multi-temporal images were employed to evaluate the trend of desertification, specifically the TM and ETM+ data of September, 1990 and September, 2001. Geometric and radiometric corrections were applied to each image prior to image processing and supervised classification, and vegetation indices were applied to produce a land use map of each image in nine classes. The land use classification s in the two map images were compared and changes between land use classes were detected over the 11 year period using a fuzzy and post-classification technique. Important findings The maps and their comparison with false color composite images showed the differences efficiently. With the fuzzy and post-classification method the land use changes were sited on the map. Fuzzy confirmed 53% changed area and 47% unchanged areas in the study region. The results verify the desertification expansion in the study areas. Because of poor land management, agricultural lands converted to desert and abandoned areas, and some marginal pasture lands had to be changed to agricultural land which are desertification spreading according to United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD). Also farmland and pastures have been converted to urban and industrial areas, and the rangelands have been spoiled due to opencast mine excavations. With the mine margins eroding as well as their debris accumulating on the pasture lands, desertification has become worse. Three areas of less-elevated mountains have remained unchanged. This study confirmed that the anthropogenic activities accelerated the desertification process and severely endangered the remaining areas.     

Studies on Calf Diarrhoea in Mozambique: Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens

The prevalence of diarrhoea in calves was investigated in 8 dairy farms in Mozambique at 4 occasions during 2 consecutive years. A total of 1241 calves up to 6 months of age were reared in the farms, and 63 (5%) of them had signs of diarrhoea. Two farms had an overall higher prevalence (13% and 21%) of diarrhoea. Faecal samples were collected from all diarrhoeal calves (n = 63) and from 330 healthy calves and analysed for Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Salmonella spp. was isolated in only 2% of all calves. Campylobacter was isolated in 11% of all calves, irrespective of health condition, and was more frequent (25%) in one of the 2 diarrhoeal farms (p = 0.001). 80% of the isolates were identified as C. jejuni. No ETEC strains were detected among the 55 tested strains from diarrhoeal calves, but 22/55 (40%) strains from diarrhoeal calves and 14/88 (16%) strains from healthy calves carried the K99 adhesin (p = 0.001). 6,757 E. coli isolates were typed with a biochemical fingerprinting method (the PhenePlate?) giving the same E. coli diversity in healthy and diarrhoeal calves. Thus it was concluded: i) the overall prevalence of diarrhoea was low, but 2 farms had a higher prevalence that could be due to an outbreak situation, ii) Salmonella did not seem to be associated with diarrhoea, iii) Campylobacter jejuni was common at one of the 2 diarrhoeal farms and iv) ETEC strains were not found, but K99 antigen was more prevalent in E. coli strains from diarrhoeal calves than from healthy, as well as more prevalent in one diarrhoeal farm.     

Species colonisation,not competitive exclusion,drives community overdispersion over long‐term succession

Ecological communities often transition from phylogenetic and functional clustering to overdispersion over succession as judged by space‐for‐time substitution studies. Such a pattern has been generally attributed to the increase in competitive exclusion of closely related species with similar traits through time, although colonisation and extinction have rarely been examined. Using 44 years of uninterrupted old‐field succession in New Jersey, USA, we confirmed that phylogenetic and functional clustering decreased as succession unfolded, but the transition was largely driven by colonisation. Early colonists were closely related and functionally similar to residents, while later colonists became less similar to the species present. Extirpated species were generally more distantly related to residents than by chance, or exhibited random phylogenetic/functional patterns, and their relatedness to residents was not associated with time. These results provide direct evidence that the colonisation of distant relatives, rather than extinction of close relatives, drives phylogenetic and functional overdispersion over succession.