Vegetative successions around the Sayan-Shush reservoir

In this paper the investigation results of successional processes in the vegetative cover appearing due to succession starting in native ecosystem inundation zone under Sayan-Shush reservoir influence are given.     

Divergence time estimates of mammals from molecular clocks and fossils: Relevance of new fossil finds from India

This paper presents a brief review of recent advances in the classification of mammals at higher levels using fossils and molecular clocks. It also discusses latest fossil discoveries from the Cretaceous — Eocene (66–55 m.y.) rocks of India and their relevance to our current understanding of placental mammal origins and diversifications.     

Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin XJ and its Ligands as the Impact Factors of Antibacterial Activity

Cecropin XJ, as a heat stable antimicrobial peptide (AMP), displayed broad bacteriostatic activities, effectively inhibited proliferation of cancer cells and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. However, it exhibited little hemolytic activity and very low cytotoxicity to erythrocytes and normal cells. Although exerts multiple remarkable bioactivities, the refined molecular conformation of native Cecropin XJ remains unsolved. The aim of the present study is to comprehensively investigate the physicochemical characteristics and structure-function relationship of this antimicrobial peptide by using a series of bioinformatics and experimental approaches. In this study, we revealed that the mature Cecropin XJ consists of 41 amino acids, containing two α-helical structures from Lys⁷ to Lys²⁵ and from Ala²⁹ to Ile³⁹. The phylogenetic tree indicated that Cecropin XJ belongs to the Class I AMPs of cecropin family. Hydrophobic analysis showed Cecropin XJ is a typical amphiphilic molecule. The surface of Cecropin XJ was found to have a much wide range of electrostatic potential from ?83.243 to +83.243. The amphipathicity and surface potential of Cecropin XJ partially supported the AMP pore-forming hypothesis. Scanning electron microscopy experimentally confirmed the damages of Cecropin XJ to microbial membrane. Four predicted docking sites respectively for magnesium ion (Mg²⁺), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), bacteriopheophytin (BPH), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) were found on the surface of Cecropin XJ. Thereinto, Mg²⁺ was experimentally proved to suppress the antibacterial activity of Cecropin XJ; both GTP and ADP enhanced the bactericidal activities to varying degrees. The present study provides a foundation for further investigation of molecular evolution, structural modification, and functional mechanisms of Cecropin XJ.     

Morphological diversity of leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudoprotophyllum</Emphasis> (Platanaceae) from the Turonian-Coniacian of the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk

Fossil plants of the Chingandzha flora were studied from volcanogenic sediments of the Chingandzha and Rond formations on the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. It was concluded that all platanaceous leaves earlier described in this flora as different taxa belong to one highly variable species, Pseudoprotophyllum cordatum Samyl. emend. Shczepetov et Golovneva.     

Distinguishing Drift and Selection Empirically: “The Great Snail Debate” of the 1950s

Biologists and philosophers have been extremely pessimistic about the possibility of demonstrating random drift in nature, particularly when it comes to distinguishing random drift from natural selection. However, examination of a historical case – Maxime Lamotte’s study of natural populations of the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis in the 1950s – shows that while some pessimism is warranted, it has been overstated. Indeed, by describing a unique signature for drift and showing that this signature obtained in the populations under study, Lamotte was able to make a good case for a significant role for␣drift. It may be difficult to disentangle the causes of drift and selection acting in a population, but it is not (always) impossible.     

Transmission of parasites in the coastal waters of the Arctic seas and possible effect of climate change

The review deals with the biodiversity, life cycles, distribution and temperature adaptations of parasites circulating in the coastal waters of northern polar seas. Special attention is given to helminths of marine birds, which are the most common parasites in the coastal waters. Among them, the focus is on trematodes. Factors responsible for the impoverished species composition of parasites in the Arctic are analyzed. It is shown that species without free-living larvae in the life cycle have an advantage in this environment. The abundance of cestodes and acanthocephalans in Arctic seabirds is linked with the high proportion of crustaceans in their diet. The phenomenon of nonspecific parasitism (occurrence of parasites in atypical host species) is analyzed from an evolutionary viewpoint. Characteristic features in the spatial distribution of infection of marine coastal invertebrates with parasite larvae are considered, and factors that determine it are specified. The prevalence of infection in intermediate hosts is closely connected with the abundance of final hosts, which makes it possible to estimate the abundance of final hosts in a given region and reveal trends in its changes. Trematodes have a high potential for temperature acclimation. This facilitates their transmission in the northern seas but, on the other hand, makes it unlikely that the transmission process would be intensified upon an increase in summer temperatures resulting from climate warming. However, intensification of transmission may well occur due to the prolongation of the warm season (“transmission window”), which has been predicted and is already observed. It is suggested that warming in the Arctic promotes both the entry of certain “southern” species into the Arctic and the trans-Arctic interpenetration of the North Atlantic and North Pacific parasitic faunas. A case is made for the necessity to broaden the scope of parasitological research in the Arctic and Subarctic, including parasitological monitoring at the reference sites of the sea coast.