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Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) was transformed into aflatoxin B3 (AFB3) by the fungiRhodotorula sp,Sporobolomyces sp,Rhizopus oryzae NRRL395,Pythium ultimum, Aspergillus terreus, A clavatus and Penicillium frequentans grown in a medium containing AFG1, Difco potato dextrose broth, yeast extract, and peptone both in liquid shaken cultures and in solid static cultures at 25°C in the dark. A maximum rate of transformation of 10 % was obtained after 2 to 3 weeks of incubation. The transformation was correlated with an increase in the pH of the media from 5.7 –5.9 to 8.3 – 8.8.Saccharomyces cerevisiae also transformed AFG1 into AFB3, but at a slower rate; the pH of the media did not reach above 8.0 until 5 weeks after incubation. No transformation was observed whenA niger andP chrysogenum were tested; in both cases, no increase in pH was noticed. However, some transformation of AFG1 to AFB3 by both fungi was observed when the initial pH of the media was adjusted to 9.0. The rate of transformation increased to 15 – 20% in the static culture where the same medium was adsorbed onto vermiculite andRhizopus andAspergilli gave the highest increase in AFB3 yield. 相似文献
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Abstract A multidisciplinary field study investigating the fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons commonly associated with jet-fuel contamination is currently underway at Columbus Air Force Base (AFB), Mississippi. Sixty sediment cores from 12 boreholes were recovered from the study aquifer. The goal of this initial sampling was to characterize the potential microbial activity using 14C-labeled substrates, as well as the presence, abundance, and distribution of specific hydrocarbon degrading genotypes using DNA:DNA hybridization. Enumeration of total microbial abundance using a 16S rDNA universal oligonucleotide probe was compared to traditional enumeration methods. Total culturable populations determined by spread plate analysis ranged from a low of 10(4) to more than 10(6) organisms per gram sediment. Microbial abundance estimated by DNA hybridization studies with 16S rDNA genes ranged from 10(7) to 10(8) organisms per gram sediment. Molecular analysis of aquifer samples using DNA probes targeting genes encoding the degradative enzymes alkane hydroxylase (alkB), catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (nahH), naphthalene dioxygenase (nahA), toluene dioxygenase (todC1C2), toluene monooxygenase (tomA), and xylene monooxygenase (xylA), as well as two probes measuring methanogenic microorganisms, codh (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase) and mcr (methyl coenzyme reductase), revealed that each target gene sequence was present in nearly all 60 samples. The presence of organisms demonstrating the phenotype to degrade BTEX and naphthalene was further supported using mineralization assays with 14C-labeled benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene. Minimal activity occurred during the first 24 hours. After a period of 5-7 days, greater than 40% of the target compounds were mineralized in aquifer sediments. 相似文献
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Debra L Fulton Yvonne Y Li Matthew R Laird Benjamin GS Horsman Fiona M Roche Fiona SL Brinkman 《BMC bioinformatics》2006,7(1):270-16
Background
Orthologs (genes that have diverged after a speciation event) tend to have similar function, and so their prediction has become an important component of comparative genomics and genome annotation. The gold standard phylogenetic analysis approach of comparing available organismal phylogeny to gene phylogeny is not easily automated for genome-wide analysis; therefore, ortholog prediction for large genome-scale datasets is typically performed using a reciprocal-best-BLAST-hits (RBH) approach. One problem with RBH is that it will incorrectly predict a paralog as an ortholog when incomplete genome sequences or gene loss is involved. In addition, there is an increasing interest in identifying orthologs most likely to have retained similar function. 相似文献36.
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Heather McHaffie 《Plant Ecology & Diversity》2013,6(1):71-73
Summary Populations of Woodsia ilvensis Oblong Woodsia have been observed to decline at all the British sites. It has been suggested that drought might have accelerated this decline. In an experiment with cultivated Plants it was found that summer drought had a more severe effect than drought during the spring. 相似文献
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Evolution of antibiotic resistance genes: the DNA sequence of a kanamycin resistance gene from Staphylococcus aureus 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
The kanamycin resistance gene from Staphylococcus aureus has been sequenced
and its structure compared with similar genes isolated from Streptomyces
fradiae and from two transposons, Tn5 and Tn903, originally isolated from
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively. The genes
are all homologous but, since their common ancestor, have undergone
extensive divergence, with more than 43% divergence between the closest
pair. The phylogeny of the genes cannot be made congruent to the phylogeny
of the taxa from which they were isolated without requiring rather
improbable differences in rates. One is therefore led to conclude that
there have been multiple occurrences of gene transfer between these
species. Thus, although they are homologous, they are neither orthologous
nor paralogous. It is suggested that homologous genes of this type be
called xenologous.
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