Facilitation of a native pest of rice, Stenotus rubrovittatus (Hemiptera: Miridae), by the non-native Lolium multiflorum (Cyperales: Poaceae) in an agricultural landscape

Source populations of polyphagous pests often occur on host plants other than the economically damaged crop. We evaluated the contribution of patches of a non-native meadow grass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Poaceae), and other weeds growing in fallow fields or meadows as source hosts of an important native pest of rice, Stenotus rubrovittatus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Miridae), in an agricultural landscape of northern Japan. Periodical censuses of this mirid bug by using the sweeping method, vegetation surveys, and statistical analysis revealed that L. multiflorum was the only plant species that was positively correlated with the density of adult S. rubrovittatus through two generations and thus may be the most stable and important host of the mirid bug early in the season before the colonization of rice paddies. The risk and cost of such an indirect negative effect on a crop plant through facilitation of a native pest by a non-native plant in the agricultural landscape should not be overlooked.     

Experimental evidence that aboveground predators are sustained by underground detritivores

Detrital infusion into grazing food web is considered to be important in terrestrial communities, but there is hardly any experimental evidence showing that generalist predators aboveground are sustained by belowground detritivores. We established two types of experimental plots in the forest floor, one with sheets on the ground to prevent the emergence of belowground arthropods and the other without sheet, to test the hypotheses that 1) reduced input of detrital arthropods decreases the abundance and species richness of web spiders (major generalist predators in terrestrial ecosystems) and 2) lower number of spiders increases the abundance of herbivorous arthropods. We found that spiders were less abundant in plots where the emergence of detrital arthropods was reduced, while the abundance of herbivores did not significantly increase in these plots. These results provide empirical evidence that organisms moving from underground to aboveground may be important for the maintenance of aboveground predators, although the cascading effect of predator abundance on the grazing food chain was not detected in the present study.