全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1017篇 |
免费 | 78篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 31篇 |
2020年 | 28篇 |
2019年 | 28篇 |
2018年 | 22篇 |
2017年 | 37篇 |
2016年 | 35篇 |
2015年 | 30篇 |
2014年 | 56篇 |
2013年 | 55篇 |
2012年 | 83篇 |
2011年 | 59篇 |
2010年 | 49篇 |
2009年 | 33篇 |
2008年 | 48篇 |
2007年 | 54篇 |
2006年 | 41篇 |
2005年 | 36篇 |
2004年 | 31篇 |
2003年 | 27篇 |
2002年 | 36篇 |
2001年 | 25篇 |
2000年 | 34篇 |
1999年 | 17篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 11篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 7篇 |
1969年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 6篇 |
1966年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1095条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
991.
The gametophytic morphology and development of Alsophila odonelliana (Alston) Lehnert, have been studied through in vitro cultures. This species grows in southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. The spores are uniform in structure, but not in size; a certain percentage being smaller than the average. 16 spores per sporangium were found. The germination is of the Cyathea type. It was found that spores stored at 4°C can maintain their viability for over two years. The maximum value of germination depends on spore age. The filamentous gametophytes are 4–16 cells long. Young gametophytes have 1–2 branches that give rise to new gametophytes. Male, female, bisexual and neuter gametophytes were found. Propagules were frequently found in neuter gametophytes, and female and bisexual gametophytes were found to have chlorophyll containing scales. The antheridia are made up of five cells and produce non‐viable spermatozoids. The archegonia have necks formed by four columns with four cells each. Most of the gametophytic phase is documented with photomicrographs. 相似文献
992.
John G. Stoffolano Laura Guerra Marcella Carcupino Gabriella Gambellini Anna Maria Fausto 《Arthropod Structure & Development》2010,39(4):251-260
The crop of adult Phormia regina consists of a duct that diverges from the esophagus, just in front of the cardia, and extends ventrally and posteriorly into the thorax and abdomen where it forms a bilobed sac. Flattened epithelial cells produce the cuticular lining of the crop. When empty, or partially full, the epithelial cells and cuticular lining form folds extending into the lumen, thus providing for expansion as the crop sac fills. Covering the sac on the hemolymph side is a layer of anastomosed, intrinsic muscles connected to one another by intercellular cytoplasmic bridges. Mitochondria are located at the periphery of the sarcomere. Also inside the sarcomere are glycogen, sarcoplasmic reticula, and transverse tubular systems (T-system). I, A, and Z-bands are present and the Z-bands are not in register making the muscle-type supercontractile. Important structures, not previously researched and associated with the crop muscles, are the crop nerves. Coming off the corpora cardiaca, and running down each side of the crop duct, is a pair of nerves, each housing several axons. These nerves extend to and branch over the crop sac. Here they penetrate the muscle mass and form neuromuscular junctions where electron-dense droplets of neurosecretion are released. Based on the literature, and research in our laboratory, it has now been shown that these nerves carry adipokinetic hormone, Drosophila insulin-like peptide, and a dromyosuppressin-like neuropeptide. 相似文献
993.
Stephanie Dellicour Andrew J. Tatem Carlos A. Guerra Robert W. Snow Feiko O. ter Kuile 《PLoS medicine》2010,7(1)
Background
Comprehensive and contemporary estimates of the number of pregnancies at risk of malaria are not currently available, particularly for endemic areas outside of Africa. We derived global estimates of the number of women who became pregnant in 2007 in areas with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax transmission.Methods and Findings
A recently published map of the global limits of P. falciparum transmission and an updated map of the limits of P. vivax transmission were combined with gridded population data and growth rates to estimate total populations at risk of malaria in 2007. Country-specific demographic data from the United Nations on age, sex, and total fertility rates were used to estimate the number of women of child-bearing age and the annual rate of live births. Subregional estimates of the number of induced abortions and country-specific stillbirths rates were obtained from recently published reviews. The number of miscarriages was estimated from the number of live births and corrected for induced abortion rates. The number of clinically recognised pregnancies at risk was then calculated as the sum of the number of live births, induced abortions, spontaneous miscarriages, and stillbirths among the population at risk in 2007. In 2007, 125.2 million pregnancies occurred in areas with P. falciparum and/or P. vivax transmission resulting in 82.6 million live births. This included 77.4, 30.3, 13.1, and 4.3 million pregnancies in the countries falling under the World Health Organization (WHO) regional offices for South-East-Asia (SEARO) and the Western-Pacific (WPRO) combined, Africa (AFRO), Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean (EURO/EMRO), and the Americas (AMRO), respectively. Of 85.3 million pregnancies in areas with P. falciparum transmission, 54.7 million occurred in areas with stable transmission and 30.6 million in areas with unstable transmission (clinical incidence <1 per 10,000 population/year); 92.9 million occurred in areas with P. vivax transmission, 53.0 million of which occurred in areas in which P. falciparum and P. vivax co-exist and 39.9 million in temperate regions with P. vivax transmission only.Conclusions
In 2007, 54.7 million pregnancies occurred in areas with stable P. falciparum malaria and a further 70.5 million in areas with exceptionally low malaria transmission or with P. vivax only. These represent the first contemporary estimates of the global distribution of the number of pregnancies at risk of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria and provide a first step towards a more informed estimate of the geographical distribution of infection rates and the corresponding disease burden of malaria in pregnancy. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary 相似文献994.
In the present work we report the phosphorylation pattern of histone H3 and the development of microtubular structures using
immunostaining techniques, in mitosis of Rhynchospora tenuis (2n = 4), a Cyperaceae with holocentric chromosomes. The main features of the holocentric chromosomes of R. tenuis coincide with those of other species namely: the absence of primary constriction in prometaphase and metaphase, and the parallel
separation of sister chromatids at anaphase. Additionaly, we observed a highly conserved chromosome positioning at anaphase
and early telophase sister nuclei. Four microtubule arrangements were distinguished during the root tip cell cycle. Interphase
cells showed a cortical microtubule arrangement that progressively forms the characteristic pre-prophase band. At prometaphase
the microtubules were homogeneously distributed around the nuclear envelope. Metaphase cells displayed the spindle arrangement
with kinetochore microtubules attached throughout the entire chromosome extension. At anaphase kinetochoric microtubules become
progressively shorter, whereas bundles of interzonal microtubules became increasingly broader and denser. At late telophase
the microtubules were observed equatorially extended beyond the sister nuclei and reaching the cell wall. Immunolabelling
with an antibody against phosphorylated histone H3 revealed the four chromosomes labelled throughout their entire extension
at metaphase and anaphase. Apparently, the holocentric chromosomes of R. tenuis function as an extended centromeric region both in terms of cohesion and H3 phosphorylation. 相似文献
995.
996.
Daniel Guerra Franco Regiane Nogueira Spalanzani Emmly Ernesto Lima Clarice Rossato Marchetti Patrícia Oliveira Silva Douglas Chodi Masui 《Biocatalysis and Biotransformation》2017,35(4):249-259
The proteases are enzymes produced by several filamentous fungi with important biotechnological applications. In this work, a protease from Aspergillus flavus was characterized. The culture filtrate of A. flavus was purified to homogeneity by Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography followed by CM–cellulose. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be approximately 32?kDa by SDS–PAGE. The enzyme hydrolysed BTpNA (N-α-benzoyl-dl-tyrosyl-p-nitroanilide), azo-casein and casein as substrates. Optimal temperature and pH were 55?°C and 6.5, respectively. The enzyme was stimulated by Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ and inhibited by Hg2+ and Ag2+ and Cu2+. The protease showed increased activity with detergents, such as Tween 80 and Triton X, and was stable to the reducing agents, such as β-mercaptoethanol. The protease activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, indicating it is a serine protease. The enzyme entrapped in calcium alginate beads retained its activity for longer time and could be reused up to 10 times. The thermostability was increased after the immobilization and the enzyme retained 100% of activity at 45?°C after 60?min of incubation, and 90% of residual activity at 50?°C after 30?min. In contrast, the free enzyme only retained 10% of its residual activity after 60?min at 50?°C. The enzymatic preparation was demonstrated to be efficient in the capability of dehairing without destruction of the hide. The remarkable properties such as temperature, pH and immobilization stability found with this enzyme assure that it could be a potential candidate for industrial applications. 相似文献
997.
Rita?B.?DominguesEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Cátia?C.?Guerra Helena?M.?Galv?o Vanda?Brotas Ana?B.?Barbosa 《Aquatic Ecology》2017,51(1):91-105
The main goal of this study was to evaluate short-term interactions between increased CO2, UVR and inorganic macronutrients (N, P and Si) on summer phytoplankton assemblages in the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon (SW Iberia), subjected to intense anthropogenic pressures and highly vulnerable to climate change. A multifactorial experiment using 20 different nutrient-enriched microcosms exposed to different spectral and CO2 conditions was designed. Before and after a 24-h in situ incubation, phytoplankton abundance and composition were analysed. Impacts and interactive effects of high CO2, UVR and nutrients varied among different functional groups. Increased UVR had negative effects on diatoms and cyanobacteria and positive effects on cryptophytes, whereas increased CO2 inhibited cyanobacteria but increased cryptophyte growth. A positive synergistic interaction between CO2 and UVR was observed for diatoms; high CO2 counteracted the negative effects of UVR under ambient nutrient concentrations. Nutrient enrichments suppressed the negative effects of high CO2 and UVR on cyanobacteria and diatoms, respectively. Beneficial effects of CO2 were observed for diatoms and cryptophytes under combined additions of nitrate and ammonium, suggesting that growth may be limited by DIC availability when the primary limitation by nitrogen is alleviated. Beneficial effects of high CO2 and UVR in diatoms were also induced or intensified by ammonium additions. 相似文献
998.
A. P. Moraes S. Koehler J. S. Cabral S. S. L. Gomes L. F. Viccini F. Barros L. P. Felix M. Guerra E. R. Forni‐Martins 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2017,19(2):298-308
- Orchidaceae is a widely distributed plant family with very diverse vegetative and floral morphology, and such variability is also reflected in their karyotypes. However, since only a low proportion of Orchidaceae has been analysed for chromosome data, greater diversity may await to be unveiled. Here we analyse both genome size (GS) and karyotype in two subtribes recently included in the broadened Maxillariinea to detect how much chromosome and GS variation there is in these groups and to evaluate which genome rearrangements are involved in the species evolution.
- To do so, the GS (14 species), the karyotype – based on chromosome number, heterochromatic banding and 5S and 45S rDNA localisation (18 species) – was characterised and analysed along with published data using phylogenetic approaches.
- The GS presented a high phylogenetic correlation and it was related to morphological groups in Bifrenaria (larger plants – higher GS). The two largest GS found among genera were caused by different mechanisms: polyploidy in Bifrenaria tyrianthina and accumulation of repetitive DNA in Scuticaria hadwenii. The chromosome number variability was caused mainly through descending dysploidy, and x=20 was estimated as the base chromosome number.
- Combining GS and karyotype data with molecular phylogeny, our data provide a more complete scenario of the karyotype evolution in Maxillariinae orchids, allowing us to suggest, besides dysploidy, that inversions and transposable elements as two mechanisms involved in the karyotype evolution. Such karyotype modifications could be associated with niche changes that occurred during species evolution.
999.
Inês Maria Pataco Inês Ramos Karliana Oliveira Mauro Guerra Maria Fernanda Pessoa 《Journal of Plant Interactions》2017,12(1):39-50
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husnot) was grown under conditions to promote mineral biofortification at the grain level. Along plant development, biomass accumulation and the kinetics of nutrients accumulation were assessed, identifying the nutrient fluxes of roots and shoots, and the timescale constraints of crop biofortification. Plants were grown under environmentally controlled conditions, submitted to four increasing concentrations of nutrient solutions (1-, 2-, 4- and 6-fold) of micro- (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) and macronutrients (Ca, K, P and Mg). The threshold of mineral toxicity was not reached as evaluated through plant biomass accumulation, but considering grain yield, the twofold nutrient concentration was the best treatment for biofortification. In the different treatments, the contents and the mineral unrests of roots uptake and shoots translocation varied, at different magnitudes and trends, before the onset of booting and from the physiological maturity onwards. Except for Cu, all mineral nutrients were mainly detected in the bran and embryo of the grains; therefore, the production of biofortified pasta for human consumption requires the use of integral semolina. 相似文献
1000.
Omar Antonio Gonzales-Viera Angélica María Sánchez-Sarmiento Fernandes Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo Juliana Mariotti Guerra Rodrigo Albergaria Ressio José Luiz Catão-Dias 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2017,59(1):69