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61.
Summary Myogenic cells from mice homozygous for the lethal mutation motor endplate disease (med/med) were grown in culture. Like muscle cells taken from wild type (+/?) litter mates they fused to form myotubes which contracted, developed cross striations, and exposed acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on their surface. However, a decrease of 30% in the number of mononucleated cells per unit fresh weight of muscle was observed as early as 2–3 days postnatal, i.e., at least one week prior to the onset of physiological symptoms. Hence, in addition to influencing the functional maintenance of motor endplates, the med gene seems to control early events in muscle development. 相似文献
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Maria P. Abbracchio R. Mark Evans J. Daniel Heck Orazio Cantoni Max Costa 《Biological trace element research》1982,4(4):289-301
The effects of serum components and amino acids on the uptake and cytotoxicity of NiCl2 were examined in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. CHO cells maintained in a minimal salts/glucose medium accumulated
10-fold more63Ni than did cells maintained in complete medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cell-surface binding of63Ni appeared to account for the majority of this increased accumulation of cell-associated nickel observed in the simple maintenance
medium since such increases were reduced 70% by trypsin treatment. The addition of the Ni2+-binding amino acids cysteine or histidine to the salts/glucose medium markedly decreased63Ni accumulations, an effect not observed following addition of any of several amino acids that do not bind Ni2+. Supplementation of the salts/glucose medium with fetal bovine serum decreased in a concentration dependent fashion both
the63Ni2+ uptake and cell detachment caused by Ni2+, while dialyzed (amino acid-free) serum was 3–5-fold less effective than undialyzed serum at reducing63Ni2+ uptake and similarly exhibited only a slight protective effect against nickel-induced cytotoxicity. Supplementation of dialyzed
serum with cysteine at levels approximating those in whole serum partially restored its inhibitory activity toward nickel
uptake by cells and restored completely its inhibition of nickel's cytotoxicity, indicating the predominant role of specific
amino acids over serum proteins in regulating the uptake and subsequent cytotoxicity of Ni2+. Addition of cysteine to the salts/glucose medium during a 2 h exposure of cells to either 100 μM HgCl2 or 1 mM NiCl2 masked the cytotoxic effects of these metal ions. These results demonstrate the importance of extracellular small molecular
weight metal ion chelators in altering the biological effects of metal ions at the level of metal uptake. 相似文献
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- The formation and reversion of spheroplasts of the diaminopimelic acid-auxotrophic mutant Escherichia coli K 12, 335, dap −, R+TEM in a medium lacking diaminopimelic acid have been investigated by microphotography: During their development from rod form cells to spheroplasts cells on slide-surface-agar preparations underwent two successive cell divisions in the course of which the cells retained their rod form. The cells formed by these divisions partitioned into a varying number of spheroplasts of different size. The reversion of spheroplasts to rod form cells, started by the addition of diaminopimelic acid showed two characteristic steps: Each spheroplast partitioned again into several spheroplast-like cell bodies; most of them reverted directly to rod form cells.
- The release of the R-factor mediated periplasmic TEM-β-lactamase, E. C. 3.4.2.6., into the growth medium during the development of spheroplasts attained more than 50% of the entire TEM-β-lactamase activity.
67.
Max S. Y. Lau Alex Becker Wyatt Madden Lance A. Waller C. Jessica E. Metcalf Bryan T. Grenfell 《PLoS computational biology》2022,18(9)
Measles is one the best-documented and most-mechanistically-studied non-linear infectious disease dynamical systems. However, systematic investigation into the comparative performance of traditional mechanistic models and machine learning approaches in forecasting the transmission dynamics of this pathogen are still rare. Here, we compare one of the most widely used semi-mechanistic models for measles (TSIR) with a commonly used machine learning approach (LASSO), comparing performance and limits in predicting short to long term outbreak trajectories and seasonality for both regular and less regular measles outbreaks in England and Wales (E&W) and the United States. First, our results indicate that the proposed LASSO model can efficiently use data from multiple major cities and achieve similar short-to-medium term forecasting performance to semi-mechanistic models for E&W epidemics. Second, interestingly, the LASSO model also captures annual to biennial bifurcation of measles epidemics in E&W caused by susceptible response to the late 1940s baby boom. LASSO may also outperform TSIR for predicting less-regular dynamics such as those observed in major cities in US between 1932–45. Although both approaches capture short-term forecasts, accuracy suffers for both methods as we attempt longer-term predictions in highly irregular, post-vaccination outbreaks in E&W. Finally, we illustrate that the LASSO model can both qualitatively and quantitatively reconstruct mechanistic assumptions, notably susceptible dynamics, in the TSIR model. Our results characterize the limits of predictability of infectious disease dynamics for strongly immunizing pathogens with both mechanistic and machine learning models, and identify connections between these two approaches. 相似文献
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Characterization of phospholipase C-mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation in rat heart ventricle
D W Schwertz J B Halverson J W Palmer H Feinberg 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》1987,253(2):388-398
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity was investigated in the rat heart ventricle. Incubation of ventricle homogenate or 100,000g supernatant fraction with [3H]myoinositol or [3H]arachidonate-labeled phosphatidylinositol in the presence of Ca2+ resulted in a decrease in phosphatidylinositol with a concomitant increase in water-soluble [3H]inositol phosphate or [3H]diglyceride, respectively. Total overt homogenate PI-PLC activity could be accounted for in the supernatant fraction. Neutral, zwitterionic, cationic, or anionic detergents did not unmask membrane-associated activity. While cytosolic phospholipase C was active against a pure phosphatidylinositol substrate in the presence of Ca2+, no hydrolytic activity was detected when phosphatidylinositol was presented as a component (4-5%) of a mixture of phospholipids. However, addition of deoxycholate to the incubation mixture (pH 6.5, Ca2+ 10(-3) M) containing mixed phospholipids resulted in the exclusive hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids. Ventricular supernatant phospholipase C-mediated phosphatidylinositol degradation has a sharp pH optimum at 5.5 and a specific requirement for Ca2+. Activity is maximal at 1 to 2 X 10(-3) M Ca2+, with inhibition occurring at higher levels. Under optimized conditions phosphatidylinositol is hydrolyzed at a rate of 20-25 nmol/min/mg protein. Multivalent cations inhibit Ca2+-dependent PI-PLC activity while monovalent cations and anions have no effect. There is no apparent selectivity for specific fatty acid moieties on phosphatidylinositol. Soluble PI-PLC is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, neomycin, mepacrine, trifluoperazine, and propranolol. Chlorpromazine, dibucaine, and tetracaine exert a biphasic influence, stimulating at lower and inhibiting at higher concentrations. 相似文献