Rethinking the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa

Current fossil, genetic, and archeological data indicate that Homo sapiens originated in Africa in the late Middle Pleistocene. By the end of the Late Pleistocene, our species was distributed across every continent except Antarctica, setting the foundations for the subsequent demographic and cultural changes of the Holocene. The intervening processes remain intensely debated and a key theme in hominin evolutionary studies. We review archeological, fossil, environmental, and genetic data to evaluate the current state of knowledge on the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa. The emerging picture of the dispersal process suggests dynamic behavioral variability, complex interactions between populations, and an intricate genetic and cultural legacy. This evolutionary and historical complexity challenges simple narratives and suggests that hybrid models and the testing of explicit hypotheses are required to understand the expansion of Homo sapiens into Eurasia.     

Emulsified lipids increase endotoxemia: possible role in early postprandial low-grade inflammation

Low-grade inflammation is a risk factor for the onset of atherosclerosis. Little is known about the involvement of endotoxin absorption from the gut during the digestion of lipids. In the present study, we first investigated in humans the impact of a mixed meal containing dispersed lipids on postprandial endotoxemia and inflammation. We then investigated the effect of (i) oil emulsification in vivo in rats and (ii) fatty acid amounts in vitro using Caco-2 cells on postprandial endotoxemia. In humans, postprandial endotoxemia increased early after the meal. Moreover, we evidenced that the endotoxin receptor sCD14 increased during digestion and that chylomicrons could contribute to absorbed endotoxin transport. This could explain the significant peak of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 that we observed 2 h after the mixed meal. Interestingly, in rats, the emulsion led to both higher endotoxemia and hypertriglyceridemia than oil and compared to a control saline load. In vitro, incubation of Caco-2 cells with increasing fatty acid concentrations enhanced epithelial absorption of endotoxin. To our knowledge, this is the first study evidencing in healthy humans that, following a mixed meal containing lipids, increased endotoxemia is associated with raised sCD14 and a peak of IL-6. On a repeated basis, this may thus be a triggering cascade for the onset of atherosclerosis. In this respect, optimizing both dietary fat amount and structure could be a possible strategy to limit such low-grade endotoxemia and inflammation by the control of postprandial lipemia.     

A European perspective on maize history

Maize was domesticated at least 8700 years ago in the highlands of Mexico. Genome-wide studies have greatly contributed to shed light into the diffusion of maize through the Americas from its center of origin. Also the presence of two European introductions in southern and northern Europe is now established. Such a spread was accompanied by an extreme diversification, and adaptation to the long days and low temperatures of temperate climates has been a key step in maize evolution. Linkage mapping and association mapping have successfully led to the identification of a handful set of the genetic factors that have contributed to maize adaptation, opening the way to new discoveries. Ultimately, these alleles will contribute to sustain breeding efforts to meet the new challenges raised by the evolution of mankind.     

A simple but highly effective approach to evaluate the prognostic performance of gene expression signatures

Background

Highly parallel analysis of gene expression has recently been used to identify gene sets or ‘signatures’ to improve patient diagnosis and risk stratification. Once a signature is generated, traditional statistical testing is used to evaluate its prognostic performance. However, due to the dimensionality of microarrays, this can lead to false interpretation of these signatures.

Principal Findings

A method was developed to test batches of a user-specified number of randomly chosen signatures in patient microarray datasets. The percentage of random generated signatures yielding prognostic value was assessed using ROC analysis by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) in six public available cancer patient microarray datasets. We found that a signature consisting of randomly selected genes has an average 10% chance of reaching significance when assessed in a single dataset, but can range from 1% to ∼40% depending on the dataset in question. Increasing the number of validation datasets markedly reduces this number.

Conclusions

We have shown that the use of an arbitrary cut-off value for evaluation of signature significance is not suitable for this type of research, but should be defined for each dataset separately. Our method can be used to establish and evaluate signature performance of any derived gene signature in a dataset by comparing its performance to thousands of randomly generated signatures. It will be of most interest for cases where few data are available and testing in multiple datasets is limited.     

Intra-Clutch Ratio of Yolk Progesterone Level Changes with Laying Date in Rockhopper Penguins: A Strategy to Influence Brood Reduction?

Hatching asynchrony in avian species generally leads to a size hierarchy among siblings, favouring the first-hatched chicks. Maternally deposited hormones affect the embryo and chick's physiology and behaviour. It has been observed that progesterone, a hormone present at higher levels than other steroid hormones in egg yolks, is negatively related to body mass in embryos, chicks and adults. A differential within-clutch progesterone deposition could therefore be linked to the size hierarchy between siblings and to the resulting brood reduction. We tested whether yolk progesterone levels differed between eggs according to future parental ability to feed the entire clutch in wild rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome. This species presents a unique reversed egg-size dimorphism and hatching asynchrony, with the larger second-laid egg (B-egg) hatching before the smaller first-laid egg (A-egg). Yolk progesterone levels increased only slightly with female body mass at laying. However, intra-clutch ratios were not related to female body mass. On the other hand, yolk progesterone levels increased significantly with the date of laying onset for A-eggs while they decreased for B-eggs. Early clutches therefore had proportionally more progesterone in the B-egg compared to the A-egg while late clutches had proportionally less progesterone in the B-egg. We propose that females could strategically regulate yolk progesterone deposition within clutches according to the expected food availability during chick growth, an adaptive strategy to adjust brood reduction to conditions. We also discuss these results, relating to yolk progesterone, in the broader context of other yolk steroids.     

Evaluating the Mechanisms of Landscape Change on White-Tailed Deer Populations

Understanding how landscape change influences the distribution and densities of species, and the consequences of these changes, is a central question in modern ecology. The distribution of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is expanding across North America, and in some areas, this pattern has led to an increase in predators and consequently higher predation rates on woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou)—an alternate prey species that is declining across western Canada. Understanding the factors influencing deer distribution has therefore become important for effective conservation of caribou in Canada. Changing climate and anthropogenic landscape alteration are hypothesized to facilitate white-tailed deer expansion. Yet, climate and habitat alteration are spatiotemporally correlated, making these factors difficult to isolate. Our study evaluates the relative effects of snow conditions and human-modified habitat (habitat alteration) across space on white-tailed deer presence and relative density. We modeled deer response to snow depth and anthropogenic habitat alteration across a large latitudinal gradient (49° to 60°) in Alberta, Canada, using motion-sensitive camera data collected in winter and spring from 2015 to 2019. Deer distribution in winter and spring were best explained by models including both snow depth and habitat alteration. Sites with shallower snow had higher deer presence regardless of latitude. Increased habitat alteration increased deer presence in the northern portion of the study area only. Winter deer density was best explained by snow depth only, whereas spring density was best explained by both habitat alteration and the previous winter's snow depth. Our results suggest that limiting future habitat alteration or restoring habitat can alter deer distribution, thereby potentially slowing or reversing expansion, but that climate plays a significant role beyond what managers can influence. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.     

Olfactory bulbectomy modifies photic entrainment and circadian rhythms of body temperature and locomotor activity in a nocturnal primate

Studies on rodents have emphasized that removal of the olfactory bulbs modulates circadian rhythmicity. Using telemetric recordings of both body temperature (Tb) and locomotor activity (LA) in a male nocturnal primate, the gray mouse lemur, the authors investigated the effects of olfactory bulbectomy on (1) the circadian periods of Tb and LA in constant dim light condition, and (2) photic re-entrainment rates of circadian rhythms following 6-h phase shifts of entrained light-dark cycle (LD 12:12). Under free-running condition, bulbectomized males had significantly shorter circadian periods of Tb and LA rhythms than those of control males. However, the profiles of Tb rhythms, characterized by a phase of hypothermia at the beginning of the subjective day, and Tb parameters were not modified by olfactory bulbectomy. Under a light-dark cycle, olfactory bulbectomy significantly modified the expression of daily hypothermia, especially by an increase in the latency to reach minimal daily Tb, suggesting a delayed response to induction of daily hypothermia by light onset. Reentrainment rates following both a 6-h phase advance and a 6-h phase delay of entrained LD were also delayed in bulbectomized males. Olfactory bulbectomy led to significant fragmentation of locomotor activity and increased locomotor activity levels during the resting period. The shortening of circadian periods in bulbectomized males could partly explain the delayed responses to photic stimuli since in control males, the longer the circadian period, the better the response to light entrainment. This experiment shows for the 1st time that olfactory bulbs can markedly modify the circadian system in a primate.     

The influence of day-length on imaginal diapause in the Red Locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.)

The main permanent habitats of the Red Locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.)) in tropical Africa lie between latitudes 7° and 9° S and between 10° and 16° N. Breeding is confined to the rainy season, which occurs during the longest days of the year in these areas. Both north and south of the equator, the adults emerge as day-length is diminishing and undergo a prolonged imaginal diapause until the next rainy season.When reared in the laboratory in London, adults which emerge in spring or early summer become sexually mature within two months; those which emerge in late summer and autumn, although kept at the same temperature and humidity, enter diapause and do not copulate or oviposit until the following spring. By controlling the length of the daily photoperiod, it has been shown that the seasonal differences in day-length are responsible for the onset of diapause. Constant short photoperiods usually induce a rather shorter diapause than photoperiods diminishing so as to simulate autumn day-length at this latitude (51.5° N). The critical constant photoperiod for the establishment of diapause lies between 12 and 13 hours which corresponds approximately to maximum and minimum day-lengths at 7° N or S. It is therefore possible that day-length is responsible for the establishment of the natural diapause.

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Resume On a déjà constaté que, quand on élève le criquet rouge, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.), au laboratoire à Londres, les adultes, malgré le fait qu'on les retient dans une ambiance très constante, montrent de grandes différences saisonnières dans la durie du développement qui conduit à la maturité sexuelle. Les adultes qui émergent à partir du mois d'avril jusque'au mois de juillet deviennent matures sexuellement sans diapause en 11/2 à 2 mois; tandis que ceux qui émergent au début de l'automne, à partir de la mi-août approximativement jusqu'à la fin de septembre, ont une diapause prolongée de 7 à 8 mois; et ceux qui émergent encore plus tard dans l'année, du mois d'octobre jusqu'à mi-décembre, ont une diapause plus courte de 41/2 à 51/2 mois. Les périodes de maturation des adultes qui émergent à partir de janvier et plus tard, diminuent progressivement, en se fondant dans les groupes des non-diapause, qui commencent à émerger au début d'avril. Les expériences exposées dans cette thèse indiquent que les différences saisonnières de la longueur des jours, sont responsables des temps de maturation.Certains groupes de criquets, émergeant comme adultes vers la fin de l'été ou en automne, ont été soumis à des journées de longueur artificielle qui correspondait à la durée des jours de printems qui n'exerce son influence que sur la vie adulte, suffit à produire ce dans les délais semblables à ceux des groupes qui émergent au printemps. La longueur des jours de printemps qui n'excerce son influence que sur la vie adulte, suffit à produire ce résultat.Quelques larves étaient élevées simultanément dans les conditions d'une durée artificielle des jours du printemps, d'une durée artificielle des jours d'automne, et d'une lumière naturelle des jours d'été à Londres. Les adultes qui avaient émergé au mois de juin étaient ou maintenus dans le même régime de longueur de journée que les larves, ou transférés dans une des autres conditions. Tous les temps de maturation étaient appropriés aux saisons qui correspondaient au régime de durée du jour auquel les adultes étaient retenus, et il n'y avait nulle évidence qu'ils étaient influencés par la durée des jours pendant leur vie larvaire.Les groupes diapause, quand ils étaient soumis à la lumière normale du laboratoire, sont devenus matures, au printemps, au moment où les jours s'allongeaient. Pourtant la maturation n'est pas due à la stimulation causée par un accroissement de la longueur du jour, car on à observé qu'elle arrive en même temps si les criquets ne la subissent pas. Ceci est vrai également à l'égard des deux groupes, celui de longue diapause (qui émerge au début de l'automne) et celui de courte diapause (qui émerge vers la fin de l'automne); il s'ensuit que la diapause plus courte du dernier groupe n'est pas attribuable, comme il semblait probable, au fait qu'on l'avait exposé à la longueur des jours du printemps plus tôt dans la vie adulte. On a trouvé que ces groupes de la dernière partie de l'automne étaient devenus matures dans le même temps s'ils étaient retenus aux courtes photo-périodes constantes de 8 ou 11 heures, ou à la durée changeante des jours d'hiver. On a conclu qu'ils répondent comme à la durée de constants jours courts.Les groupes intermédaires (qui émergent à partir de janvier jusqu'a mars) d'autre part, sont exposés aux jours plus longs du printemps et de l'été encore plus tôt dans la vie adulte, et dans leur cas la diapause est empêchée, ou au moins abrégée, par les jours plus longs. Quand ces groupes sont retenus aux constantes photo-périodes courtes, ils deviennent matures plus lentement que s'ils étaient maintenus à la lumière du jour, et ils ont une diapause de la même longueur que les groupes de courte-diapause.On a conclu de ces résultats que, quand les groupes sont retenus dans conditions de jours-courts, les processus de maturation (manifestés par un accroissement du poids du corps, et par le développement de l'ovaire) sont repris à un certain stade indépendamment de la longueur du jour et sous l'action de stimuli internes. L'exposition aux conditions de jours longs n'est effective que pour accélérer la maturation si elle a lieu avant que ce stade soit atteint.L'observation que les adultes émergeant au début de l'automne ont une diapause plus longue que ceux qui émergent vers la fin de l'automne, reste sans explication. Ceux-là sont exposés à la durée de jours qui décroissent rapidement pendant la vie larvaire et du commencement de la vie adulte, et il semble probable que le changement propre des jours longs aux jours courts puisse amener une diapause plus longue que ne le feraient des jours courts dès le début. A présent, on étudie les effets de la variation de durée des jours.Les adultes retenus dans l'obscurité constante sont devenus matures sans diapause.La grande fluctuation de la longueur des jours, caractéristique de la latitude de Londres, n'est pas nécessaire pour induire les deux types de maturation diapause ou non-diapause. Les plus grandes différences de réponse aux photo-périodes constantes ont eu lieu entre les moyennes correspondant à peu près avec les minimum et maximum de longueurs de jour (y compris les périodes de crépuscule) dans les habitats tropicaux du criquet.Il est discuté ici de la probabilité que le cours de la diapause dans l'habitat tropical naturel soit influencé par la faible fluctuation des longueurs de jour de cet habitat.

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The author is Mrs O. W. Richards