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21.
The negative effects on adult behavior of juvenile undernourishment are well documented in vertebrates, but relatively poorly understood in invertebrates. We examined the effects of larval nutritional stress on the foraging and recruitment behavior of an economically important model invertebrate, the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Pollen, which supplies essential nutrients to developing workers, can become limited in colonies because of seasonal dearths, loss of foraging habitat, or intensive management. However, the functional consequences of being reared by pollen-stressed nestmates remain unclear, despite growing concern that poor nutrition interacts with other stressors to exacerbate colony decline. We manipulated nurse bees’ access to pollen and then assessed differences in weight, longevity, foraging activity, and waggle-dance behavior of the workers that they reared (who were co-fostered as adults). Pollen stress during larval development had far-reaching physical and behavioral effects on adult workers. Workers reared in pollen-stressed colonies were lighter and shorter lived than nestmates reared with adequate access to pollen. Proportionally fewer stressed workers were observed foraging and those who did forage started foraging sooner, foraged for fewer days, and were more likely to die after only a single day of foraging. Pollen-stressed workers were also less likely to waggle dance than their unstressed counterparts and, if they danced, the information they conveyed about the location of food was less precise. These performance deficits may escalate if long-term pollen limitation prevents stressed foragers from providing sufficiently for developing workers. Furthermore, the effects of brief pollen shortages reported here mirror the effects of other environmental stressors that limit worker access to nutrients, suggesting the likelihood of their synergistic interaction. Honey bees often experience the level of stress that we created, thus our findings underscore the importance of adequate nutrition for supporting worker performance and their potential contribution to colony productivity and quality pollination services. 相似文献
22.
Anniina L. K. Mattila 《Ecology and evolution》2015,5(23):5539-5551
Knowledge of the effects of thermal conditions on animal movement and dispersal is necessary for a mechanistic understanding of the consequences of climate change and habitat fragmentation. In particular, the flight of ectothermic insects such as small butterflies is greatly influenced by ambient temperature. Here, variation in body temperature during flight is investigated in an ecological model species, the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). Attention is paid on the effects of flight metabolism, genotypes at candidate loci, and environmental conditions. Measurements were made under a natural range of conditions using infrared thermal imaging. Heating of flight muscles by flight metabolism has been presumed to be negligible in small butterflies. However, the results demonstrate that Glanville fritillary males with high flight metabolic rate maintain elevated body temperature better during flight than males with a low rate of flight metabolism. This effect is likely to have a significant influence on the dispersal performance and fitness of butterflies and demonstrates the possible importance of intraspecific physiological variation on dispersal in other similar ectothermic insects. The results also suggest that individuals having an advantage in low ambient temperatures can be susceptible to overheating at high temperatures. Further, tolerance of high temperatures may be important for flight performance, as indicated by an association of heat‐shock protein (Hsp70) genotype with flight metabolic rate and body temperature at takeoff. The dynamics of body temperature at flight and factors affecting it also differed significantly between female and male butterflies, indicating that thermal dynamics are governed by different mechanisms in the two sexes. This study contributes to knowledge about factors affecting intraspecific variation in dispersal‐related thermal performance in butterflies and other insects. Such information is needed for predictive models of the evolution of dispersal in the face of habitat fragmentation and climate change. 相似文献
23.
Taras Antal Heta Mattila Marja Hakala-Yatkin Taina Tyystjärvi Esa Tyystjärvi 《Planta》2010,232(4):887-898
Nitrogen deficiency diminishes consumption of photosynthates in anabolic metabolism. We studied adjustments of the photosynthetic
machinery in nitrogen-deficient bean plants and found four phenomena. First, the number of chloroplasts per cell decreased.
Chloroplasts of nitrogen starved leaves contained less pigments than those of control leaves, but the in vitro activities
of light reactions did not change when measured on chlorophyll basis. Second, nitrogen deficiency induced cyclic electron
transfer. The amounts of Rubisco and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase decreased in nitrogen starved plants. Low activities of these enzymes are expected to lead to increase in reduction
of oxygen by photosystem I. However, diaminobenzidine staining did not reveal hydrogen peroxide production in nitrogen starved
plants. Measurements of far-red-light-induced redox changes of the primary donor of photosystem I suggested that instead of
producing oxygen radicals, nitrogen starved plants develop a high activity of cyclic electron transport that competes with
oxygen for electrons. Nitrogen starvation led to decrease in photochemical quenching and increase in non-photochemical quenching,
indicating that cyclic electron transport reduces the plastoquinone pool and acidifies the lumen. A third effect is redistribution
of excitation energy between the photosystems in favor of photosystem I. Thus, thylakoids of nitrogen starved plants appeared
to be locked in state 2, which further protects photosystem II by decreasing its absorption cross-section. As a fourth response,
the proportion of non-QB-reducing photosystem II reaction centers increased and the redox potential of the QB/QB− pair decreased by 25 mV in a fraction of photosystem II centers of nitrogen starved plants. 相似文献
24.
Hyperforin and adhyperforin contribute to the antidepressant effects of Hypericum perforatum. The involvement of branched-chain amino acids in the biosynthesis of hyperforin and adhyperforin was demonstrated in H. perforatum shoot cultures. L-[U-(13)C(5)]Valine and L-[U-(13)C(6)]isoleucine, upon administration to the shoot cultures, were incorporated into acyl side chain of hyperforin and adhyperforin, respectively. Feeding the shoot cultures with unlabelled L-isoleucine at a concentration of 2mM induced a 3.7-fold increase in the production of adhyperforin. The addition of 3mM L-threonine, a precursor of isoleucine, stimulated a 2.0-fold increase in the accumulation of adhyperforin. The administration of L-valine at concentrations of 0-5mM had no stimulating effect on the hyperforin production in H. perforatum shoot cultures. 相似文献
25.
Havurinne Vesa Aitokari Riina Mattila Heta Käpylä Ville Tyystjärvi Esa 《Photosynthesis research》2022,152(3):373-387
Photosynthesis Research - One of the main mysteries regarding photosynthetic sea slugs is how the slug plastids handle photoinhibition, the constant light-induced damage to Photosystem II of... 相似文献
26.
Granzyme B‐expressing neutrophils correlate with bacterial load in granulomas from Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected cynomolgus macaques 下载免费PDF全文
Joshua T. Mattila Pauline Maiello Tao Sun Laura E. Via JoAnne L. Flynn 《Cellular microbiology》2015,17(8):1085-1097
The role of neutrophils in tuberculosis (TB), and whether neutrophils express granzyme B (grzB), a pro‐apoptotic enzyme associated with cytotoxic T cells, is controversial. We examined neutrophils in peripheral blood (PB) and lung granulomas of Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected cynomolgus macaques and humans to determine whether mycobacterial products or pro‐inflammatory factors induce neutrophil grzB expression. We found large numbers of grzB‐expressing neutrophils in macaque and human granulomas and these cells contained more grzB+ granules than T cells. Higher neutrophil, but not T cell, grzB expression correlated with increased bacterial load. Although unstimulated PB neutrophils lacked grzB expression, grzB expression increased upon exposure to M. tuberculosis bacilli, M. tuberculosis culture filtrate protein or lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. Perforin is required for granzyme‐mediated cytotoxicity by T cells, but was not observed in PB or granuloma neutrophils. Nonetheless, stimulated PB neutrophils secreted grzB as determined by enzyme‐linked immunospot assays. Purified grzB was not bactericidal or bacteriostatic, suggesting secreted neutrophil grzB acts on extracellular targets, potentially enhancing neutrophil migration through extracellular matrix and regulating apoptosis or activation in other cell types. These data indicate mycobacterial products and the pro‐inflammatory environment of granulomas up‐regulates neutrophil grzB expression and suggests a previously unappreciated aspect of neutrophil biology in TB. 相似文献
27.
Jay Barlow John Calambokidis Erin A. Falcone C. Scott Baker Alexander M. Burdin Phillip J. Clapham John K. B. Ford Christine M. Gabriele Richard LeDuc David K. Mattila Terrance J. Quinn II Lorenzo Rojas‐Bracho Janice M. Straley Barbara L. Taylor Jorge Urbán R. Paul Wade David Weller Briana H. Witteveen Manami Yamaguchi 《Marine Mammal Science》2011,27(4):793-818
We estimated the abundance of humpback whales in the North Pacific by capture‐recapture methods using over 18,000 fluke identification photographs collected in 2004–2006. Our best estimate of abundance was 21,808 (CV = 0.04). We estimated the biases in this value using a simulation model. Births and deaths, which violate the assumption of a closed population, resulted in a bias of +5.2%, exclusion of calves in samples resulted in a bias of ?10.5%, failure to achieve random geographic sampling resulted in a bias of ?0.4%, and missed matches resulted in a bias of +9.3%. Known sex‐biased sampling favoring males in breeding areas did not add significant bias if both sexes are proportionately sampled in the feeding areas. Our best estimate of abundance was 21,063 after accounting for a net bias of +3.5%. This estimate is likely to be lower than the true abundance due to two additional sources of bias: individual heterogeneity in the probability of being sampled (unquantified) and the likely existence of an unknown and unsampled breeding area (?8.7%). Results confirm that the overall humpback whale population in the North Pacific has continued to increase and is now greater than some prior estimates of prewhaling abundance. 相似文献
28.
Aura AM Mattila I Hyötyläinen T Gopalacharyulu P Bounsaythip C Orešič M Oksman-Caldentey KM 《Molecular bioSystems》2011,7(2):437-446
The human colon contains a diverse microbial population which contributes to degradation and metabolism of food components. Drug metabolism in the colon is generally poorly understood. Metabolomics techniques and in vitro colon models are now available which afford detailed characterization of drug metabolites in the context of colon metabolism. The aim of this work was to identify novel drug metabolites of Simvastatin (SV) by using an anaerobic human in vitro colon model at body temperature coupled with systems biology platform, excluding the metabolism of the host liver and intestinal epithelia. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with a time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was used for the metabolomic analysis. Metabolites showing the most significant differences in the active faecal suspension were elucidated in reference with SV fragmentation and compared with controls: inactive suspension or buffer with SV, or with active suspension alone. Finally, time courses of selected metabolites were investigated. Our data suggest that SV is degraded by hydrolytic cleavage of methylbutanoic acid from the SV backbone. Metabolism involves demethylation of dimethylbutanoic acid, hydroxylation/dehydroxylation and β-oxidation resulting in the production of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid (3-methyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid), 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid), and finally re-cyclisation of heptanoic acid (possibly de-esterified and cleaved methylpyranyl arm) to produce cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. Our study elucidates a pathway of colonic microbial metabolism of SV as well as demonstrates the applicability of the in vitro colon model and metabolomics to the discovery of novel drug metabolites from drug response profiles. 相似文献
29.
The etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is still unclear, although clinical diagnostic criteria exist and the neuropathology
of AD has been studied in great detail during the last 20 years. The present study addresses certain problems in the search
for biological markers for the diagnosis, as well as in the follow-up of the course of AD and its differential diagnosis and
reports some of our own observations in comparison with other studies. These include protein, genetic and neuroimaging markers.
The definitions of biological markers and search strategies are also discussed.
Special issue dedicated to Dr. Simo S. Oja 相似文献
30.
Harimaya A Himi T Fujii N Tarkkanen J Carlson P Ylikoski J Mattila P 《FEMS immunology and medical microbiology》2005,43(3):385-392
Alloiococcus otitidis is a recently discovered pathogen of otitis media. However, only a limited number of studies are available about the pathogenic and immunological role of A. otitidis. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation and the cytokine production of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at the early immune response after stimulation with A. otitidis. After stimulation of whole human peripheral blood lymphocytes for 18 h with whole killed A. otitidis or the three major middle ear pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis), the expression of CD69 and the production of cytokines were analyzed. The expression of CD69 on T cells and B cells was dose-dependently enhanced after stimulation with A. otitidis. The release of interleukin (IL)-12 was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis, whereas the release of IL-4 was not induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. In addition, the release of interferon (IFN)-gamma was induced after stimulation with A. otitidis. Although the release of IFN-gamma started within 18 h after stimulation with A. otitidis, intracellular production of IFN-gamma was not observed in either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells within 18 h upon stimulation. The patterns of CD69 expression and T helper-type 1 (Th1)-promoting cytokines production were similarly shown when human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with the other three major pathogens. Our results suggest that A. otitidis has sufficient immunogenic potential to modulate a host immune response, like the other three major middle ear pathogens, and also suggest that the immunogenicity of A. otitidis is very similar, at the early immune response, to that of the three major middle ear pathogens. 相似文献