Resolution of Rac‐Bambuterol via Diastereoisomeric Salt Formation with o‐Chloromandelic Acid and Differences in the Enantiomers' Pharmacodynamical Effects in Guinea Pigs and Beagles

In this study an enantioseparation method for rac‐bambuterol (5‐(2‐(tert‐butylamino)‐1‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,3‐phenylene bis(dimethylcarbamate)) via diastereoisomeric salt formation with o‐chloromandelic acid was developed. The enantiomeric excess (ee) values and chemical purities of the desired products were confirmed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using chiral stationary phase and reverse‐phase HPLC analyses, respectively. The ee values and the chemical purities both exceeded 99%. Animal experiments showed that (R)‐bambuterol was a potent inhibitor for histamine‐induced asthma reactions. (S)‐bambuterol was ineffective in relaxing the airways. Both enantiomers increased heart rates in beagles. Therefore, replacing rac‐bambuterol with (R)‐bambuterol could be beneficial for asthma patients. Chirality 28:306–312, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

饲料中添加溶菌酶对吉富罗非鱼生长、免疫-抗氧化功能及血清抗菌性能的影响

为研究在饲料中添加不同水平的溶菌酶制品对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、免疫-抗氧化功能和血清抗菌性能的影响, 选用平均体重为(11.350.08)g的吉富罗非鱼960尾, 随机分为6组(每组4个重复, 每个重复40尾), 分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)和5种添加水平分别为18、36、54、72和90 mg/kg溶菌酶制品的试验饲料, 养殖周期为60d。结果表明: (1) 54 mg/kg溶菌酶添加组鱼的生长性能和饲料利用情况最优, 增重率和蛋白质效率均显著高于对照组, 饲料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05); 肝体比随溶菌酶添加水平的增加呈现下降趋势, 90 mg/kg添加组显著低于对照组(P0.05); 脾脏指数在36和54mg/kg添加组显著低于对照组(P0.05); 全鱼粗蛋白和粗灰分含量在54 mg/kg添加组均呈现较高水平, 显著高于对照组(P0.05)。(2)溶菌酶添加水平对罗非鱼的免疫-抗氧化能力产生影响, 54和72 mg/kg添加水平能显著提高鱼体血清和肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性, 降低丙二醛含量(P0.05); 肝脏溶菌酶活性在54和72 mg/kg添加组均显著高于对照组(P0.05), 而血清溶菌酶活性随溶菌酶添加水平的增加呈现下降趋势(L90组除外), 显著低于对照组(P0.05)。(3)血清抗菌试验显示, 54和72 mg/kg溶菌酶添加组罗非鱼对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜水气单胞菌和溶藻弧菌的抑制能力显著高于对照组(P0.05), 而对枯草芽孢杆菌的抵抗能力最低, 比对照组分别低34.71%和42.21% (P0.05)。结果表明, 在本试验条件下, 在吉富罗非鱼饲料中添加54 mg/kg溶菌酶制品可以改善其生长性能; 当添加水平为54和72 mg/kg时, 罗非鱼的免疫-抗氧化能力和血清抗菌性能均得到了显著提高。     

杜仲叶片不同发育时期数字基因表达谱分析

为在转录水平解析杜仲叶片发育过程中的基因表达模式,该研究通过数字基因表达谱技术对‘华仲6号’杜仲叶片从展叶(4月)到落叶(10月)不同发育时期的基因表达水平进行比较分析,共获得差异基因3 002个,其中1 764个表达量上调,1 238个下调,这些差异表达基因主要行使催化、氧化还原等功能,参与代谢过程和生物过程等;进一步Pathway富集分析发现,苯丙素类生物合成途径相关基因被富集,其中调控绿原酸合成的6个基因差异表达显著;对这些基因表达模式进行分析显示,4月中旬和9月中旬基因的表达量较高,暗示这两个时期对于绿原酸的合成具有重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR检测6个绿原酸合成相关基因和12个随机选择的差异表达基因,验证结果显示表达谱测序结果可靠。该研究结果为揭示杜仲叶片在不同发育时期的分子调控机制奠定了基础,并为深入解析杜仲绿原酸合成机理,进而通过分子育种手段提高杜仲绿原酸含量提供新的路径。     

基于SSR标记的新疆野杏群体遗传多样性及遗传结构

利用27对SSR分子标记对新疆4个野杏群体遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析,评价新疆野杏遗传多样性水平和分化程度,为新疆野杏合理保护与利用提供科学依据。结果显示：（1）27对SSR引物共检测到431个等位基因（N_a）,各位点平均等位基因数（N_a）和多态性信息含量（PIC）分别为15.96和0.84;物种水平上Shannons信息指数（I）和期望杂合度（H_e）分别为2.21和0.78。（2）群体水平上等位基因数（N_a）、有效等位基因（N_e）、Shannons信息指数（I）、期望杂合度（H_e）和观察杂合度（H_o）分别为10.98、5.85、1.92、0.79和0.55;其中新源县野杏群体遗传多样性最丰富,巩留县群体遗传多样性最低。（3）基于F统计量分析的遗传分化系数（F_st）为0.05,基因流（N_m）为5.26;分子方差分析显示新疆野杏群体大部分遗传变异来自群体内（95.4%）,群体间的遗传变异仅占4.6%。（4）新疆野杏群体遗传距离为0.06~0.49,平均为0.24;遗传相似度为0.61~0.94,平均为0.80;遗传相似度的聚类分析和遗传距离的主坐标分析结果一致,均将供试4个群体划分为两组;Mantel检测显示,新疆野杏群体遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关（r=0.332,P＝0.16）。研究表明,新疆野杏资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,群体遗传分化程度较低,群体间遗传距离较小,这与新疆野杏群体的大小和悠久的演化历史以及群体间频繁的基因交流相关。     

Effect of ammonium-N on malic enzyme and lipid production in Rhodotorula glutinis grown on monosodium glutamate wastewater

Rhodotorula glutinis, an oil producing strain, can utilize monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater as a raw material for lipid production. The effects of ammonium-N in the MSG wastewater (ammonium 15,000–25,000?mg/L, COD 30,000–50,000?mg/L) on cell growth, lipid accumulation and malic enzyme activity of R. glutinis have been studied. Four initial ammonium sulfate concentrations in the medium were set, which were 20, 60, 100, and 140?g/L. With an increase in the ammonium sulfate concentration, the uptake of ammonia nitrogen and lipid accumulation increased while the biomass decreased at 72?h. The maximum value of ammonia nitrogen consumption reached 5.77?g/L for an initial ammonium sulfate concentration of 140?g/L at 72?h. In addition, 60?g/L ammonium sulfate concentration may be an appropriate concentration for R. glutinis cultivation. The activity of the malic enzyme was measured and the results showed that there was a linear relationship between the intracellular lipid content and the total malic enzyme activity.     

Domestication and crop evolution of wheat andbarley: Genes,genomics, and future directions

Wheat and barley are two of the founder crops of the agricultural revolution that took place 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and both crops remain among the world's most important crops. Domestication of these crops from their wild ancestors required the evolution of traits useful to humans, rather than survival in their natural environment. Of these traits, grain retention and threshability, yield improvement, changes to photoperiod sensitivity and nutritional value are most pronounced between wild and domesticated forms. Knowledge about the geographical origins of these crops and the genes responsible for domestication traits largely pre-dates the era of nextgeneration sequencing, although sequencing will lead to new insights. Molecular markers were initially used to calculate distance(relatedness), genetic diversity and to generate genetic maps which were useful in cloning major domestication genes. Both crops are characterized by large,complex genomes which were long thought to be beyond the scope of whole-genome sequencing. However, advances in sequencing technologies have improved the state of genomic resources for both wheat and barley. The availability of reference genomes for wheat and some of its progenitors,as well as for barley, sets the stage for answering unresolved questions in domestication genomics of wheat and barley.     

诺如病毒的致病机制及诊断

诺如病毒(Norovirus, NoV)是引起全人群急性胃肠炎暴发和流行的主要病原体,也是引起食源性疾病的最常见非细菌性病原体。由于缺少有效的小型动物及培养细胞研究模型,目前对NoV感染的致病机制尚不清楚。NoV实验室诊断技术发展成熟,尤其是近年来新技术的应用将进一步推动其诊断水平的提高,满足公共卫生和临床诊疗的新需求。