Resistance to extinction, generalization decrement, and conditioned reinforcement

This study investigated generalization decrement during an extinction resistance-to-change test for pigeon key pecking using a two-component multiple schedule with equal variable-interval 3-min schedules and different reinforcer amounts (one component presented 2-s access to reinforcement and the other 8s). After establishing baseline responding, subjects were assigned to one of the two extinction conditions: hopper stimuli (hopper and hopper light were activated but no food was available) or Control (inactive hopper and hopper light). Responding in the 8-s component was more resistant to extinction than responding in the 2-s component, the hopper stimuli group was more resistant to extinction compared to the Control group, and an interaction between amount of reinforcement, extinction condition, and session block was present. This finding supports generalization decrement as a factor that influences resistance to extinction. Hopper-time data (the amount of time subjects spent with their heads in the hopper) were compared to resistance-to-change data in an investigation of the role of conditioned reinforcement on resistance to change.     

Cell Size and Growth Rate Are Modulated by TORC2-Dependent Signals

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Cell-specific fatty acylation of proteins in cultured cells of neuronal and glial origin

Distinct sets of cellular proteins were labeled with [³H]myristic and [³H]palmitic acids in primary (rat neurons and astroglia) and continuous (murine N1E-115 neuroblastoma and rat C6 glioma) cell cultures derived from the nervous system. Both soluble and membrane proteins were modified by myristate in a hydroxylamine-stable (amide) linkage, while palmitoylated proteins were esterlinked and almost exclusively membrane bound. Chain elongation of both labeled fatty acids prior to acylation was observed, but no protein amide-liked [³H]myristate originating from [³H]palmitate was detected. Fatty acylation profiles differed considerably among most of the cell lines, except for rat astroglial and glioma cells in which myristoylated proteins appeared to be almost identical based on SDS gel electrophoresis. An unidentified 47 kDa myristoylated protein was labeled to a significantly greater extent in astroglial than in glioma cells; the expression of this protein could be related to transformation or development in cells of glial origin.     

Improved fermentation processes for NS0 cell lines expressing human antibodies and glutamine synthetase

To meet the increasing requirement for therapeutic antibodies to conduct clinical trials, an enhanced culture medium and fed-batch process was developed for GS-NS0 cell lines. This process was shown to produce high concentrations of monoclonal antibodies for several cell lines expressing different antibodies. Cells were adapted to growth in a glutamine- and serum-free medium containing bovine serum albumin (BSA), cholesterol, and transferrin. A number of amino acids were found to be depleted during cell culture. The concentrations of these amino acids were increased, and further cell culture analyses were performed. This process of cell growth and analysis was repeated over multiple cycles until no depletion was detected. This resulted in an amino acid supplement that was shown to be generic and enhanced antibody productivity up to 5-fold for the three cell lines tested. Transferrin was replaced using tropolone, a lipophilic iron chelator and ferric ammonium citrate. Cell growth was equivalent to that in transferrin-containing medium over the wide ranges tested. A concentrated feed solution, based on the amino acid supplement and the components of the serum- and protein-free supplements, was formulated. Addition of this feed in response to metabolic requirements resulted in a harvest titer a further 2-fold higher than the enhanced culture medium. Harvest antibody titers of up to 600 mg/L were achieved for three cell lines expressing different antibodies, representing an increase of 10-fold over the starting concentrations.     

Human Alzheimer’s disease synaptic <Emphasis Type=Italic>O</Emphasis>-GlcNAc site mapping and iTRAQ expression proteomics with ion trap mass spectrometry

Neuronal synaptic functional deficits are linked to impaired learning and memory in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We recently demonstrated that O-GlcNAc, a novel cytosolic and nuclear carbohydrate post-translational modification, is enriched at neuronal synapses and positively regulates synaptic plasticity linked to learning and memory in mice. Reduced levels of O-GlcNAc have been observed in AD, suggesting a possible link to deficits in synaptic plasticity. Using lectin enrichment and mass spectrometry, we mapped several human cortical synaptic O-GlcNAc modification sites. Overlap in patterns of O-GlcNAcation between mouse and human appears to be high, as previously mapped mouse synaptic O-GlcNAc sites in Bassoon, Piccolo, and tubulin polymerization promoting protein p25 were identified in human. Novel O-GlcNAc modification sites were identified on Mek2 and RPN13/ADRM1. Mek2 is a signaling component of the Erk 1/2 pathway involved in synaptic plasticity. RPN13 is a component of the proteasomal degradation pathway. The potential interplay of phosphorylation with mapped O-GlcNAc sites, and possible implication of those sites in synaptic plasticity in normal versus AD states is discussed. iTRAQ is a powerful differential isotopic quantitative approach in proteomics. Pulsed Q dissociation (PQD) is a recently introduced fragmentation strategy that enables detection of low mass iTRAQ reporter ions in ion trap mass spectrometry. We optimized LTQ ion trap settings for PQD-based iTRAQ quantitation and demonstrated its utility in O-GlcNAc site mapping. Using iTRAQ, abnormal synaptic expression levels of several proteins previously implicated in AD pathology were observed in addition to novel changes in synaptic specific protein expression including Synapsin II.     

Phosphorus dynamics within agricultural drainage ditches in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Excessive phosphorus loading from fertilizers in agriculture results in enriched runoff and downstream aquatic system eutrophication. This study evaluated phosphorus dynamics in agricultural drainage ditches across eight sites within the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV). The objective of the study was to examine the capacity of drainage ditches across the LMAV to sorb P. Spatially and temporally, all drainage ditch sediments had very low immediately bioavailable phosphorus (P_w), and a very low degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS < 20%) throughout the LMAV. Phosphorus binding energy (K) (0.34-0.60 L/mg) and P sorption maxima (17.8-26.6 L/mg) were low, with very little variation in space and time. Using these metrics, drainage ditches sampled within the LMAV could be described as P sinks, capable of sorbing varying degrees of P seasonally as a result to changes in the Fe-P pool. Sorption, however, will likely be low due to low P sorption maxima and low binding energies. These results will help in P management within primary aquatic systems (such as drainage ditches) within the agricultural landscape and enhance P mitigation strategies at the source, prior to runoff reaching downstream aquatic systems.     

Single Nanostructure Electrochemical Devices for Studying Electronic Properties and Structural Changes in Lithiated Si Nanowires

Nanostructured Si is a promising anode material for the next generation of Li‐ion batteries, but few studies have focused on the electrical properties of the Li‐Si alloy phase, which are important for determining power capabilities and ensuring sufficient electrical conduction in the electrode structure. Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical device framework suitable for testing the electrical properties of single Si nanowires (NWs) at different lithiation states and correlating these properties with structural changes via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We find that single Si NWs usually exhibit Ohmic I–V response in the lithiated state, with conductivities two to three orders of magnitude higher than in the delithiated state. After a number of sequential lithiation/delithiation cycles, the single NWs show similar conductivity after each lithiation step but show large variations in conductivity in the delithiated state. Finally, devices with groups of NWs in physical contact were fabricated, and structural changes in the NWs were observed after lithiation to investigate how the electrical resistance of NW junctions and the NWs themselves affect the lithiation behavior. The results suggest that electrical resistance of NW junctions can limit lithiation. Overall, this study shows the importance of investigating the electronic properties of individual components of a battery electrode (single nanostructures in this case) along with studying the nature of interactions within a collection of these component structures.     

Comparative proteomics of human monkeypox and vaccinia intracellular mature and extracellular enveloped virions.

Orthopoxviruses are among the largest and most complex of the animal viruses. In response to the recent emergence of monkeypox in Africa and the threat of smallpox bioterrorism, two orthopoxviruses with different pathogenic potentials, human monkeypox virus and vaccinia virus, were proteomically compared with the goal of identifying proteins required for pathogenesis. Orthopoxviruses were grown in HeLa cells to two different viral forms (intracellular mature virus and extracellular enveloped virus), purified by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, denatured using RapiGest surfactant, and digested with trypsin. Unfractionated samples and strong cation exchange HPLC fractions were analyzed by high-resolution reversed-phase nano-LC-MS/MS, and analyses of the MS/MS spectra using SEQUEST and X! Tandem resulted in the confident identification of hundreds of monkeypox, vaccinia, and copurified host-cell proteins. The unfractionated samples were additionally analyzed by LC-MS using an LTQ-Orbitrap, and the accurate mass and elution time tag approach was used to perform quantitative comparisons. Possible pathophysiological roles of differentially abundant Orthopoxvirus proteins are discussed. Data, processed results, and protocols are available at http://www.proteomicsresource.org/.