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891.
Ronald A Jenner Ciara Ní Dhubhghaill Matteo P Ferla Matthew A Wills 《BMC evolutionary biology》2009,9(1):21-20
Background
The phylogeny of Eumalacostraca (Crustacea) remains elusive, despite over a century of interest. Recent morphological and molecular phylogenies appear highly incongruent, but this has not been assessed quantitatively. Moreover, 18S rRNA trees show striking branch length differences between species, accompanied by a conspicuous clustering of taxa with similar branch lengths. Surprisingly, previous research found no rate heterogeneity. Hitherto, no phylogenetic analysis of all major eumalacostracan taxa (orders) has either combined evidence from multiple loci, or combined molecular and morphological evidence. 相似文献892.
Karin Loser Thomas Brzoska Vinzenz Oji Matteo Auriemma Maik Voskort Verena Kupas Lars Klenner Cornelius Mensing Axel Hauschild Stefan Beissert Thomas A. Luger 《PloS one》2010,5(2)
Background
The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is well known as a mediator of skin pigmentation. More recently, it has been shown that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone also plays pivotal roles in energy homeostasis, sexual function, and inflammation or immunomodulation. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone exerts its antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by binding to the melanocortin-1 receptor, and since T cells are important effectors during immune responses, we investigated the effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on T cell function.Methodology/Principal Findings
T cells were treated with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and subsequently, their phenotype and function was analyzed in a contact allergy as well as a melanoma model. Furthermore, the relevance of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone–mediated signaling for the induction of cytotoxicity was assessed in CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients with functional and nonfunctional melanocortin-1 receptors. Here we demonstrate that the melanocortin-1 receptor is expressed by murine as well as human CD8+ T cells, and we furthermore show that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor–mediated signaling is critical for the induction of cytotoxicity in human and murine CD8+ T cells. Upon adoptive transfer, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone–treated murine CD8+ T cells significantly reduced contact allergy responses in recipient mice. Additionally, the presented data indicate that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone via signaling through a functional melanocortin-1 receptor augmented antitumoral immunity by up-regulating the expression of cytotoxic genes and enhancing the cytolytic activity in tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.Conclusions/Significance
Together, these results point to an important role of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in MHC class I-restricted cytotoxicity. Therefore, treatment of contact allergies or skin cancer with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone or other more stable agonists of melanocortin-1 receptor might ameliorate disease or improve antitumoral immune responses. 相似文献893.
Lebarbenchon C Sreevatsan S Ramakrishnan MA Poulson R Goekjian V Di Matteo JJ Wilcox B Stallknecht DE 《Journal of wildlife diseases》2010,46(4):1284-1289
The role of many wild waterbird species in the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza viruses (AIV) remains unclear. We report the first isolation of AIV from American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos; Pelecaniformes) in North America. Two H13N9 AIVs were isolated from hatchling birds in breeding colonies in Minnesota, USA, during 2007 and 2008. Based on molecular sequencing of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes, the 2008 virus was genetically related to AIVs previously isolated from gulls and shorebirds in North America. The 2007 isolate was most related to AIVs from Eurasian gulls and North American ducks, reflecting both global movement of these viruses and reassortment between viruses associated with duck and gull reservoirs. 相似文献
894.
Emanuela Camera Matteo Ludovici Marisa Galante Jo-Linda Sinagra Mauro Picardo 《Journal of lipid research》2010,51(11):3377-3388
Sebum is a complex lipid mixture that is synthesized in sebaceous glands and excreted on the skin surface. The purpose of this study was the comprehensive detection of the intact lipids that compose sebum. These lipids exist as a broad range of chemical structures and concentrations. Sebum was collected with SebuTapeTM from the foreheads of healthy donors, and then separated by HPLC on a C8 stationary phase with sub 2 µm particle size. This HPLC method provided high resolution and excellent reproducibility of retention times (RT). Compound mining was performed with time of flight (TOF) and triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometers (MS), which allowed for the classification of lipids according to their elemental composition, degree of unsaturation, and MS/MS fragmentation. The combination of the two MS systems detected 95 and 29 families of triacylglycerols (TAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG), respectively. Assignment was carried out regardless of positional isomerism. Among the wax esters (WE), 28 species were found to contain the 16:1 fatty acyl moiety. This method was suitable for the simultaneous detection of squalene and its oxygenated derivative. A total of 9 cholesterol esters (CE) were identified and more than 48 free fatty acids (FFA) were detected in normal sebum. The relative abundance of each individual lipid within its own chemical class was determined for 12 healthy donors. In summary, this method provided the first characterization of the features and distribution of intact components of the sebum lipidome. 相似文献
895.
This work is focused on production of enteric-coated micro-particles for oral administration, using a water-in-oil-in-water
solvent evaporation technique. The active agent theophylline was first encapsulated in cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP),
a pH-sensitive well-known polymer, which is insoluble in acid media but dissolves at neutral pH (above pH 6). In this first
step, CAP was chosen with the aim optimizing the preparation and characterization methods. The desired release pattern has
been obtained (low release at low pH, higher release at neutral pH) but in presence of a low encapsulation efficiency. Then,
the CAP was replaced by a novel-synthesized pH-sensitive poly(methyl methacrylate–acrylic acid) copolymer, poly(MMA–AA). In
this second step, the role of two process parameters was investigated, i.e., the percentage of emulsion stabilizer (polyvinyl
alcohol, PVA) and the stirring power for the double emulsion on the encapsulation efficiency. The encapsulation efficiency
was found to increase with PVA percentage and to decrease with the stirring power. By increasing the PVA content and by decreasing
the stirring power, a high stable double emulsion was obtained, and this explains the increase in encapsulation efficiency
found. 相似文献
896.
Tania Fiaschi Francesco Saverio Tedesco Elisa Giannoni Jordi Diaz-Manera Matteo Parri Giulio Cossu Paola Chiarugi 《Molecular biology of the cell》2010,21(6):848-859
Mesoangioblasts are progenitor endowed with multipotent mesoderm differentiation ability. Despite the promising results obtained with mesoangioblast transplantation in muscle dystrophy, an improvement of their efficient engrafting and survival within damaged muscles, as well as their ex vivo activation/expansion and commitment toward myogenic lineage, is highly needed and should greatly increase their therapeutic potential. We show that globular adiponectin, an adipokine endowed with metabolic and differentiating functions for muscles, regulates vital cues of mesoangioblast cell biology. The adipokine drives mesoangioblasts to entry cell cycle and strongly counteracts the apoptotic process triggered by growth factor withdrawal, thereby serving as an activating and prosurvival stem cell factor. In addition, adiponectin provides a specific protection against anoikis, the apoptotic death due to lack of anchorage to extracellular matrix, suggesting a key protective role for these nonresident stem cells after systemic injection. Finally, adiponectin behaves as a chemoattractive factor toward mature myotubes and stimulates their differentiation toward the skeletal muscle lineage, serving as a positive regulator in mesoangioblast homing to injured or diseased muscles. We conclude that adiponectin exerts several advantageous effects on mesoangioblasts, potentially valuable to improve their efficacy in cell based therapies of diseased muscles. 相似文献
897.
Theis JL Bos JM Bartleson VB Will ML Binder J Vatta M Towbin JA Gersh BJ Ommen SR Ackerman MJ 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2006,351(4):896-902
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can be classified into at least four major anatomic subsets based upon the septal contour, and the location and extent of hypertrophy: reverse curvature-, sigmoidal-, apical-, and neutral contour-HCM. Here, we sought to identify genetic determinants for sigmoidal-HCM and hypothesized that Z-disc-HCM may be associated preferentially with a sigmoidal phenotype. Utilizing PCR, DHPLC, and direct DNA sequencing, we performed mutational analysis of five genes encoding cardiomyopathy-associated Z-disc proteins. The study cohort consisted of 239 unrelated patients with HCM previously determined to be negative for mutations in the eight genes associated with myofilament-HCM. Blinded to the Z-disc genotype status, the septal contour was graded qualitatively using standard transthoracic echocardiography. Thirteen of the 239 patients (5.4%) had one of 13 distinct HCM-associated Z-disc mutations involving residues highly conserved across species and absent in 600 reference alleles: LDB3 (6), ACTN2 (3), TCAP (1), CSRP3 (1), and VCL (2). For this subset with Z-disc-associated HCM, the septal contour was sigmoidal in 11 (85%) and apical in 2 (15%). While Z-disc-HCM is uncommon, it is equal in prevalence to thin filament-HCM. In contrast to myofilament-HCM, Z-disc-HCM is associated preferentially with sigmoidal morphology. 相似文献
898.
Genome-wide high-resolution mapping and functional analysis of DNA methylation in arabidopsis 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
Zhang X Yazaki J Sundaresan A Cokus S Chan SW Chen H Henderson IR Shinn P Pellegrini M Jacobsen SE Ecker JR 《Cell》2006,126(6):1189-1201
899.
Fallani M Rigottier-Gois L Aguilera M Bridonneau C Collignon A Edwards CA Corthier G Doré J 《Journal of microbiological methods》2006,67(1):150-161
Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are pathogenic clostridia potentially associated with gastrointestinal infections and allergy in infants. To enable the molecular detection and quantification of these species in the infant gut, two 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes were developed: Cdif198 for C. difficile and Cperf191 for C. perfringens. We defined the probes in silico using the RDP sequence database. The probes were then validated using FISH combined with flow cytometry and a collection of target and non-target strains, and faecal samples inoculated with dilutions of C. difficile and C. perfringens strains. These new probes were used to assess the composition of the intestinal microbiota of 33 infants of 1.5 to 18.5 months of age, associated with a panel of 8 probes targeting the predominant faecal bacterial groups of humans. The probes designed allowed detection and quantification of the relative proportions of C. difficile (0.5+/-1.0%) and C. perfringens (2.1+/-2.3%) in the microbiota of infants. 相似文献
900.
Gary Marcus (2004) has written a very interesting book about mental development from a nativist perspective. For the general readership at which the book is largely aimed, it will be interesting because of its many informative examples of the development of cognitive structures and because of its illuminating explanations of ways in which genes can contribute to these developmental processes. However, the book is also interesting from a theoretical point of view. Marcus tries to make nativism compatible with the central arguments that anti-nativists use to attack nativism and with many recent discoveries about genetic activity and brain development. In so doing, he reconfigures the nativist position to a considerable extent. Marcus’s theory is certainly more sophisticated than any version of nativism on the market. However, in our view Marcus ends up reconfiguring the nativist position out of existence. While many of the points that Marcus makes are both interesting and correct, we see no compelling reason to classify his considered position with traditional nativism rather than anti-nativism. More generally, we that think his book points to a general moral: the opposition between nativism and anti-nativism does not help us to understand psycho-developmental issues, and should therefore be abandoned. 相似文献