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31.
The aim of this study was to reduce the photoinstability of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), the most widely used UVA
filter, by incorporating it in lipid microparticles (LMs) alone or together with the UVB filter octocrylene (OCR), acting
also as photostabilizer. Microparticles loaded with BMDBM or with combined BMDBM and OCR were produced by the hot emulsion
technique, using glyceryl behenate as lipid material and poloxamer 188 as surfactant. The LMs were characterized by release
studies, scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffractometry. The BMDBM and OCR loading was 15.2% and 10.6%, respectively.
In order to reproduce the conditions prevalent in commercial sunscreen products, the photoprotective efficacy of the LMs was
evaluated after their introduction in a model cream (oil-in-water emulsion) containing a mixture of UVA and UVB filters. A
small but statistically significant decrease in BMDBM photodegradation was obtained when the UVA filter was encapsulated alone
into the LMs (the extent of degradation was 28.6% ±2.4 for non-encapsulated BMDBM and 26.0% ±2.5 for BMDBM-loaded microparticles).
On the other hand, the co-loading of OCR in the LMs produced a more marked reduction in the light-induced decomposition of
microencapsulated BMDBM (the UVA filter loss was 21.5% ±2.2). Therefore, incorporation in lipid microparticles of BMDBM together
with the sunscreen OCR is more effective in enhancing the UVA filter photostability than LMs loaded with BMDBM alone. 相似文献
32.
An integrated assessment of histopathological changes of the enteric neuromuscular compartment in experimental colitis 下载免费PDF全文
Chiara Ippolito Cristina Segnani Mariella Errede Daniela Virgintino Rocchina Colucci Matteo Fornai Luca Antonioli Corrado Blandizzi Amelio Dolfi Nunzia Bernardini 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2015,19(2):485-500
Bowel inflammatory fibrosis has been largely investigated, but an integrated assessment of remodelling in inflamed colon is lacking. This study evaluated tissue and cellular changes occurring in colonic wall upon induction of colitis, with a focus on neuromuscular compartment. Colitis was elicited in rats by 2,4‐dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). After 6 and 21 days, the following parameters were assessed on paraffin sections from colonic samples: tissue injury and inflammatory infiltration by histology; collagen and elastic fibres by histochemistry; HuC/D, glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), nestin, substance P (SP), von Willebrand factor, c‐Kit and transmembrane 16A/Anoctamin1 (TMEM16A/ANO1) by immunohistochemistry. TMEM16A/ANO1 was also examined in isolated colonic smooth muscle cells (ICSMCs). On day 6, inflammatory alterations and fibrosis were present in DNBS‐treated rats; colonic wall thickening and fibrotic remodelling were evident on day 21. Colitis was associated with both an increase in collagen fibres and a decrease in elastic fibres. Moreover, the neuromuscular compartment of inflamed colon displayed a significant decrease in neuron density and increase in GFAP/PCNA‐positive glia of myenteric ganglia, enhanced expression of neural SP, blood vessel remodelling, reduced c‐Kit‐ and TMEM16A/ANO1‐positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), as well as an increase in TMEM16A/ANO1 expression in muscle tissues and ICSMCs. The present findings provide an integrated view of the inflammatory and fibrotic processes occurring in the colonic neuromuscular compartment of rats with DNBS‐induced colitis. These morphological alterations may represent a suitable basis for understanding early pathophysiological events related to bowel inflammatory fibrosis. 相似文献
33.
Lucia Monti Donatella Donati Elisabetta Menci Samuele Cioni Matteo Bellini Irene Grazzini Sara Leonini Paolo Galluzzi Sauro Severi Luca Burroni Alfredo Casasco Lucia Morbidelli Emiliano Santarnecchi Pietro Piu 《PloS one》2015,10(2)
Literature has suggested that changes in brain flow circulation occur in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this study, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was used to measure the absolute CCT value in MS patients and to correlate its value to age at disease onset and duration, and to expand disability status scale (EDSS). DSA assessment was performed on eighty MS patients and on a control group of forty-four age-matched patients. CCT in MS and control groups was calculated by analyzing the angiographic images. Lesion and brain volumes were calculated in a representative group of MS patients. Statistical correlations among CCT and disease duration, age at disease onset, lesion load, brain volumes and EDSS were considered. A significant difference between CCT in MS patients (mean = 4.9s; sd = 1.27s) and control group (mean = 2.8s; sd = 0.51s) was demonstrated. No significant statistical correlation was found between CCT and the other parameters in all MS patients. Significantly increased CCT value in MS patients suggests the presence of microvascular dysfunctions, which do not depend on clinical and MRI findings. Hemodynamic changes may not be exclusively the result of a late chronic inflammatory process. 相似文献
34.
35.
Beryl Royer-Bertrand Matteo Torsello Donata Rimoldi Ikram El Zaoui Katarina Cisarova Rosanna Pescini-Gobert Franck Raynaud Leonidas Zografos Ann Schalenbourg Daniel Speiser Michael Nicolas Laureen Vallat Robert Klein Serge Leyvraz Giovanni Ciriello Nicolò Riggi Alexandre P. Moulin Carlo Rivolta 《American journal of human genetics》2016,99(5):1190-1198
36.
Morán-Barrio J González JM Lisa MN Costello AL Peraro MD Carloni P Bennett B Tierney DL Limansky AS Viale AM Vila AJ 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2007,282(25):18286-18293
Metallo-beta-lactamases (MbetaLs) are zinc-dependent enzymes able to hydrolyze and inactivate most beta-lactam antibiotics. The large diversity of active site structures and metal content among MbetaLs from different sources has limited the design of a pan-MbetaL inhibitor. Here we report the biochemical and biophysical characterization of a novel MbetaL, GOB-18, from a clinical isolate of a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Different spectroscopic techniques, three-dimensional modeling, and mutagenesis experiments, reveal that the Zn(II) ion is bound to Asp120, His121, His263, and a solvent molecule, i.e. in the canonical Zn2 site of dinuclear MbetaLs. Contrasting all other related MbetaLs, GOB-18 is fully active against a broad range of beta-lactam substrates using a single Zn(II) ion in this site. These data further enlarge the structural diversity of MbetaLs. 相似文献
37.
Tochowicz A Maskos K Huber R Oltenfreiter R Dive V Yiotakis A Zanda M Pourmotabbed T Bode W Goettig P 《Journal of molecular biology》2007,371(4):989-1006
Human matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), also called gelatinase B, is particularly involved in inflammatory processes, bone remodelling and wound healing, but is also implicated in pathological processes such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, tumour growth, and metastasis. We have prepared the inactive E402Q mutant of the truncated catalytic domain of human MMP-9 and co-crystallized it with active site-directed synthetic inhibitors of different binding types. Here, we present the X-ray structures of five MMP-9 complexes with gelatinase-specific, tight binding inhibitors: a phosphinic acid (AM-409), a pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (RO-206-0222), two carboxylate (An-1 and MJ-24), and a trifluoromethyl hydroxamic acid inhibitor (MS-560). These compounds bind by making a compromise between optimal coordination of the catalytic zinc, favourable hydrogen bond formation in the active-site cleft, and accommodation of their large hydrophobic P1' groups in the slightly flexible S1' cavity, which exhibits distinct rotational conformations of the Pro421 carbonyl group in each complex. In all these structures, the side-chain of Arg424 located at the bottom of the S1' cavity is not defined in the electron density beyond C(gamma), indicating its mobility. However, we suggest that the mobile Arg424 side-chain partially blocks the S1' cavity, which might explain the weaker binding of most inhibitors with a long P1' side-chain for MMP-9 compared with the closely related MMP-2 (gelatinase A), which exhibits a short threonine side-chain at the equivalent position. These novel structural details should facilitate the design of more selective MMP-9 inhibitors. 相似文献
38.
Manuela Sironi Giorgia Menozzi Giacomo P Comi Matteo Cereda Rachele Cagliani Nereo Bresolin Uberto Pozzoli 《Genome biology》2007,7(12):R120
Background
Transposable elements (TEs) represent more than 45% of the human and mouse genomes. Both parasitic and mutualistic features have been shown to apply to the host-TE relationship but a comprehensive scenario of the forces driving TE fixation within mammalian genes is still missing. 相似文献39.
Rapid and efficient DNA-based tools are recommended for the evaluation of the insect biodiversity of high-altitude streams. In the present study, focused principally on larvae of the genus Diamesa Meigen 1835 (Diptera: Chironomidae), the congruence between morphological/molecular delimitation of species as well as performances in taxonomic assignments were evaluated. A fragment of the mitochondrial cox1 gene was obtained from 112 larvae, pupae and adults (Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae) that were collected in different mountain regions of the Alps and Apennines. On the basis of morphological characters 102 specimens were attributed to 16 species, and the remaining ten specimens were identified to the genus level. Molecular species delimitation was performed using: i) distance-based Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), with no a priori assumptions on species identification; and ii) coalescent tree-based approaches as the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent model, its Bayesian implementation and Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes. The ABGD analysis, estimating an optimal intra/interspecific nucleotide distance threshold of 0.7%-1.4%, identified 23 putative species; the tree-based approaches, identified between 25–26 entities, provided nearly identical results. All species belonging to zernyi, steinboecki, latitarsis, bertrami, dampfi and incallida groups, as well as outgroup species, are recovered as separate entities, perfectly matching the identified morphospecies. In contrast, within the cinerella group, cases of discrepancy arose: i) the two morphologically separate species D. cinerella and D. tonsa are neither monophyletic nor diagnosable exhibiting low values of between-taxa nucleotide mean divergence (0.94%); ii) few cases of larvae morphological misidentification were observed. Head capsule color is confirmed to be a valid character able to discriminate larvae of D. zernyi, D. tonsa and D. cinerella, but it is here better defined as a color gradient between the setae submenti and genal setae. DNA barcodes performances were high: average accuracy was ~89% and precision of ~99%. On the basis of the present data, we can thus conclude that molecular identification represents a promising tool that could be effectively adopted in evaluating biodiversity of high-altitude streams. 相似文献
40.
Zhirong Li Tae Kyu Ahn Thomas J. Avenson Matteo Ballottari Jeffrey A. Cruz David M. Kramer Roberto Bassi Graham R. Fleming Jay D. Keasling Krishna K. Niyogi 《The Plant cell》2009,21(6):1798-1812
Plants protect themselves from excess absorbed light energy through thermal dissipation, which is measured as nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ). The major component of NPQ, qE, is induced by high transthylakoid ΔpH in excess light and depends on the xanthophyll cycle, in which violaxanthin and antheraxanthin are deepoxidized to form zeaxanthin. To investigate the xanthophyll dependence of qE, we identified suppressor of zeaxanthin-less1 (szl1) as a suppressor of the Arabidopsis thaliana npq1 mutant, which lacks zeaxanthin. szl1 npq1 plants have a partially restored qE but lack zeaxanthin and have low levels of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and neoxanthin. However, they accumulate more lutein and α-carotene than the wild type. szl1 contains a point mutation in the lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) gene. Based on the pigment analysis, LCYB appears to be the major lycopene β-cyclase and is not involved in neoxanthin synthesis. The Lhcb4 (CP29) and Lhcb5 (CP26) protein levels are reduced by 50% in szl1 npq1 relative to the wild type, whereas other Lhcb proteins are present at wild-type levels. Analysis of carotenoid radical cation formation and leaf absorbance changes strongly suggest that the higher amount of lutein substitutes for zeaxanthin in qE, implying a direct role in qE, as well as a mechanism that is weakly sensitive to carotenoid structural properties. 相似文献