In vitro plantlet formation from juice vesicle callus of satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.)

Callus was induced from juice vesicles of satsuma mandarin on Murashige & Skoog medium supplemented with -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), kinetin (K) and gibberellin (GA). Adventitious embryoids arose from the callus tissue on the medium containing 1 mgl^–1 NAA alone. The embryoids grew into embryos which resulted in a plantlet on medium containing 1 mgl^–1 GA.Abbreviations GA gibberellin - K kinetin - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid     

Cultivation and carrageenan yield and quality ofKappaphycus alvarezii in the waters of Vietnam

The carrageenan-producing red algaKappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty was brought to Vietnam from Japan in 1993. Branch fragments of this species were cultivated in a pond, lagoon, inlet and offshore in Vietnam for the first time. The best daily growth rate (DGR) of plants grown in the lagoon area attained 9–11 % day^–1 in May to June (cold season). The water temperature and salinity in this area ranged from 27.2–32.4 °C and 31.4–33.7 °C, respectively. DGR of plants grown in the inlet ranged from 7 to 9% day^–1 in June. Grazing by fish has been observed to occur in this area. The DGR of plants grown in the pond ranged from 5–6% in January–July, but decreased to less than 4% day^–1 in August (hot season). K. alvarezii in Vietnam showed a carrageenan yield of 18.8–24.6% and gel strength of 1566–1712 g cm^–2. These values are similar ones obtained fromK. alvarezii cultivated in the Philippines and Indonesia.     

Possible Involvement of Abscisic Acid in Increases in Activities of Two Vacuolar H+-Pumps in Barley Roots under Aluminum Stress

Levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in barley roots increased upontreatment with AlCl₃. Treatment with AlCl₃ or ABA increasedboth ATP-dependent and PP_i-dependent H⁺-pumping activities intonoplast-enriched membrane vesicles. Increase in the H⁺-pumpingactivities caused by aluminum stress could result from increasedlevels of ABA. ¹Present address: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science,Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036 Japan     

Relationship between cardiac output and oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise

The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between the rapidity of increased gas exchange (i.e. oxygen uptake ) and increased cardiac output ( ) during the transient phase following the onset of exercise. Five healthy male subjects performed multiple rest-exercise or light exercise (25 W)-exercise transitions on an electrically braked ergometer at exercise intensities of 50, 75, or 100 W for 6 min, respectively. Each transition was performed at least eight times for each load in random order. The was obtained by a breath-by-breath method, and was measured by an impedance method during normal breathing, using an ensemble average. On transitions from rest to exercise, rapidly increased during phase I with time constants of 6.8–7.3 s. The also showed a similar rapid increment with time constants of 6.0–6.8 s with an apparent increase in stroke volume (SV). In this phase I, increased to about 29.7%–34.1% of the steady-state value and increased to about 58.3%–87.0%. Thereafter, some 20 s after the onset of exercise a mono-exponential increase to steady-state occurred both in and with time constants of 26.7–32.3 and 23.7–34.4 s, respectively. The insignificant difference between and time constants in phase I and the abrupt increase in both and SV at the onset of exercise from rest provided further evidence for a cardiodynamic contribution to following the onset of exercise from rest.     

Changes in DNA strand breaks in non parenchymal cells following hepatocyte regeneration in CCl4-induced rat liver injury

DNA strand breaks (nicks) in non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) in CCl₄-induced acute or chronic liver injury in rats were detected using an in situ nick translation method; their dynamic changes were analysed in relation to the proliferation pattern of hepatocytes and NPCs, as revealed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-up-take. In acute injury, hepatocyte proliferation started before centrilobular necrosis had occurred, whereas BrdU-labeled sinusoidal NPCs markedly increased only after centrilobular necrosis was apparent. DNA breakages in NPCs paralleled the proliferation pattern of these cells, suggesting that nicks are physiological, and reflect proliferation and activated gene expression. In chronic injury, liver cirrhosis developed after 9 weeks, but BrdU-labeling of hepatocytes was almost the same level as that in untreated liver. The number of BrdU-labeled NPCs showed only a slight increase, while those with DNA breakages were much more frequent in the cirrhotic stage, suggesting a significant role for NPCs in the fibrotic process. These results indicate that DNA strand breaks in NPCs act as a marker for activation states such as proliferation, differentiation and/or activated gene expression.     

Variations in and Inheritance of NS-Glycoprotein in Self-Incompatible Brassica campestris L.

The stigma of Brassica species contain NS-glycoproteins thatexhibit a high degree of structural homology to the S-glycoproteinsof self-incompatibility. Inheritance of and variations in theNS-glycoprotein were studied with reference to self-incompatibility.The detection of NS-glycoproteins was performed by cross-reactionwith an antiserum raised against a purified NS-glycoprotein.In B. campestris, four isoforms of the NS-glycoprotein weredifferentiated by their pI values, but their molecular weightswere identical to one another. The genes for these isoformsof NS-glycoprotein were controlled by alleles at a single locus,tentatively named the NS allele, which was independent of Salleles at both the protein and the DNA level. Segregation ofF₂ plants with respect to the self-incompatibility behaviorof pollen tubes can be explained by the S allele model, butit appears not to be affected by the NS alleles. NS-glycoproteinswere found in all 21 species of Brassica and its allies examinedto date. The pI values of these glycoproteins varied among differentspecies. In addition to the isoforms of the NS alleles, maturestigmas contained other groups of proteins that reacted weaklywith the antiserum against the NS-glycoprotein. (Received July 30, 1991; Accepted February 21, 1992)     

Qualitative and quantitative difference in mutation induction between carbon- and neon-ion beams in normal human cells.

We investigated the difference in cell-killing effect and mutation induction between carbon- and neon-ion beams in normal human cells. Carbon- and neon-ion beams were accelerated by the Riken Ring Cyclotron (RRC) at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Japan. Cell-killing effect was measured as the reproductive cell death using the colony formation assay. Mutation induction at the HPRT locus was detected to measure 6-thioguanine-resistant clones. The mutation spectrum of the deletion pattern of exons of induced mutants was analyzed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cell-killing effect was almost the same between carbon- and neon-ion beams with similar linear energy transfer (LET) values, while there observed a large difference in mutation frequency. Furthermore, in the case of neon-ion beams 60% of mutants showed total deletions and 35-40% showed partial deletions, while 95-100% of carbon-ion induced mutants showed total deletions. The results suggest that different ion species may cause qualitative and quantitative difference in mutation induction even if the LET values are similar.     

Identification of genes expressed in the shoot apex ofBrassica campestris during floral transition

The vegetative-to-floral transition ofBrassica campestris cv. Osome was induced by vernalization. Poly(A)+RNA was isolated from the transition shoot apex after 6 weeks of vernalization, the floral apex after 12 weeks of vernalization and the expanded leaves just before vernalization, and cDNAs were synthesized. These cDNAs were used for subtraction and differential screening to select cDNA preferentially present in the transition and floral apices. Nucleotide sequences of the resulting 14 cDNA clones were determined, and northern blot analysis was carried out on six cDNAs. Two cDNA clones which did not show significant similarity to known genes were shown to be preferentially expressed in the floral apex.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of fosfomycin biosynthetic genes of Streptomyces wedmorensis

The biosynthetic pathway for production of the antibiotic fosfomycin by Streptomyces wedmorensis consists of four steps including the formation of a C-P bond and an epoxide. Fosfomycin production genes were cloned from genomic DNA using S. wedmorensis mutants blocked at different steps of the biosynthetic pathway. Four genes corresponding to each of the biosynthetic steps were found to be clustered in a DNA fragment of about 5 kb. Nucleotide sequencing of a large fragment revealed the presence of ten open reading frames, including the four biosynthetic genes and six genes with unknown functions.     

in vitro generation of IFN-γ-producing Listeria-specific T cells is dependent on IFN-γ production by non-NK cells

In vitro 5-day cultures of naive spleen cells with viable Listeria monocytogenes (VLM), but not heat-killed L. monocytogenes, induced CD4⁺ T cells that produced IFN-γ upon secondary antigen stimulation. The VLM-induced Listeria-specific T cells produced IFN-γ but lacked expression of IL-2 and IL-4. To study the role of IFN-γ in the induction of the IFN-γ-producing T cells, we added anti-IFN-γ mAb to the primary culture and analyzed IFN-γ production upon secondary antigen stimulation. Addition of anti-IFN-γ mAb to the culture suppressed generation of IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ T cells, suggesting that IFN-γ is important in the induction of IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ T cells. Furthermore, our results showed that depletion of NK cells from spleen cells by anti-asialo GM1 antibody plus complement before culture enhanced induction of IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ T cells. Although NK cells are known to produce IFN-γ, the results indicate that NK cell-derived IFN-γ may not be important in induction of the Listeria-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ T cells in the culture system. In addition, we demonstrated that IFN-γ expression was high in CD4⁺ T cells from cultures of spleen cells with VLM at the primary culture level. These results suggest that IFN-γ derived from T cells may enhance production of IFN-γ by CD4⁺ T cells, while NK cells rather suppress the induction of IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ T cells.