<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cleistocybe</Emphasis>, a new genus of Agaricales

A new clitocyboid genus of Agaricales, Cleistocybe, is described to accommodate the isolated evolutionary position of the new species Cleistocybe vernalis inferred by a previously published multigene phylogenetic study. Cleistocybe is distinguished from other clitocyboid lineages by a combination of morphological characters, including lamellae that become gray in age, an interwoven hymenophoral trama with divergent elements when young, strongly interwoven pileipellis with pigmented and encrusted hyphae, white spore deposit, a distinct or ephemeral fibrillose to submembranous partial veil, and smooth, inamyloid basidiospores that are inequilateral in profile view. Cleistocybe encompasses two species, C. vernalis and Clitocybe gomphidioides, based on morphological comparisons with C. vernalis. Clitocybe subvelosa is confirmed as conspecific with C. gomphidioides based on morphological and ITS sequence comparisons of type collections. Cleistocybe is known only from western North America in coniferous forests and appears most closely related to the ectomycorrhizal genus Catathelasma and the saprotrophic genera Callistosporium, Macrocybe, and Pleurocollybia based on nLSU-rDNA phylogenetic analysis. Together these lineages constitute the Catathelasma clade.     

在韩国境内Potentilla fragarioides var.sprengeliana的遗传多样 …

根据２２个等位酶位点遗传变异,探讨了韩国境内委陵菜（Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉｌｌａ ｆｒａｇａｒｉｏｉｄｅｓ Ｌ．ｖａｒ．ｓｐｒｅｎｇｅｌｉａｎａ）的遗传多样性和种群结构。酶位点的多态位点百分比为５９．１％。种和种群水平上的遗传多样性比较高,分别为Ｈｅｓ＝０．２１０,Ｈｅｐ＝０．１９９;而种群的分化水平则相对较低（ＧＳＴ＝０．０７４）。１９个种群中随机交配的偏差为ＦＩＳ＝０．３３１。每代迁移数的间接估计     

Nox4-dependent ROS modulation by amino endoperoxides to induce apoptosis in cancer cells

Tumor metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients. Anoikis resistance is one critical malefactor of metastatic cancer cells to resist current clinical chemotherapeutic treatments. Although endoperoxide-containing compounds have long been suggested as anticancer drugs, few have been clinically employed due to their instability, complex synthesis procedure or low tumor cell selectivity. Herein, we describe a one-pot strategy to synthesize novel amino endoperoxides and their derivatives with good yields and stabilities. In vitro cell-based assays revealed that 4 out of the 14 amino endoperoxides selectively induce metastatic breast carcinoma cells but not normal breast cells to undergo apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that the most potent amino endoperoxide, 4-Me, is selective for cancer cells expressing a high level of Nox4. The anticancer effects are further shown to be associated with reduced O₂⁻:H₂O₂ ratio and increased ·OH level in the cancerous cells. Animal study showed that 4-Me impairs orthotopic breast tumor growth as well as tumor cell metastasis to lymph nodes. Altogether, our study suggests that anticancer strategies that focus on redox-based apoptosis induction in tumors are clinically viable.     

Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae

Aim The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom family Inocybaceae is widespread in north temperate regions, but more than 150 species are encountered in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. The relative roles of recent and ancient biogeographical processes, relationships with plant hosts, and the timing of divergences that have shaped the current geographic distribution of the family are investigated. Location Africa, Australia, Neotropics, New Zealand, north temperate zone, Palaeotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, south temperate zone. Methods We reconstruct a phylogeny of the Inocybaceae with a geological timeline using a relaxed molecular clock. Divergence dates of lineages are estimated statistically to test vicariance‐based hypotheses concerning relatedness of disjunct ECM taxa. A series of internal maximum time constraints is used to evaluate two different calibrations. Ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer ancestral areas and ancestral plant partners of the family. Results The Palaeotropics are unique in containing representatives of all major clades of Inocybaceae. Six of the seven major clades diversified initially during the Cretaceous, with subsequent radiations probably during the early Palaeogene. Vicariance patterns cannot be rejected that involve area relationships for Africa–Australia, Africa–India and southern South America–Australia. Northern and southern South America, Australia and New Zealand are primarily the recipients of immigrant taxa during the Palaeogene or later. Angiosperms were the earliest hosts of Inocybaceae. Transitions to conifers probably occurred no earlier than 65 Ma. Main conclusions The Inocybaceae initially diversified no later than the Cretaceous in Palaeotropical settings, in association with angiosperms. Diversification within major clades of the family accelerated during the Palaeogene in north and south temperate regions, whereas several relictual lineages persisted in the tropics. Both vicariance and dispersal patterns are detected. Species from Neotropical and south temperate regions are largely derived from immigrant ancestors from north temperate or Palaeotropical regions. Transitions to conifer hosts occurred later, probably during the Palaeogene.     

Evolutionary divergence times in the Annonaceae: evidence of a late Miocene origin of Pseuduvaria in Sundaland with subsequent diversification in New Guinea

Background  

Phylogenetic analyses of the Annonaceae consistently identify four clades: a basal clade consisting of Anaxagorea, and a small 'ambavioid' clade that is sister to two main clades, the 'long branch clade' (LBC) and 'short branch clade' (SBC). Divergence times in the family have previously been estimated using non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) and penalized likelihood (PL). Here we use an uncorrelated lognormal (UCLD) relaxed molecular clock in BEAST to estimate diversification times of the main clades within the family with a focus on the Asian genus Pseuduvaria within the SBC. Two fossil calibration points are applied, including the first use of the recently discovered Annonaceae fossil Futabanthus. The taxonomy and morphology of Pseuduvaria have been well documented, although no previous dating or biogeographical studies have been undertaken. Ancestral areas at internal nodes within Pseuduvaria are determined using dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and weighted ancestral area analysis (WAAA).     

Use of a novel acellular xenograft as a patch for aortic annular enlargement during aortic valve replacement

A patient with a history of aortic valve endocarditis and surgical debridement presented with acute congestive heart failure because of severe aortic stenosis. During valve replacement surgery, an aortic annular enlargement was required to overcome a potential patient-prosthesis mismatch. We describe the use of a novel, bioresorbable, acellular xenograft for the enlargement patch. This material is expected to remodel into native patient tissue over time. This case offers an alternative implant for left heart reconstruction using a regenerative patch.     

The mushroom family Psathyrellaceae: evidence for large-scale polyphyly of the genus Psathyrella

Psathyrella is the archetypal little brown mushroom genus with few easily discernable characters causing it to be considered a "clean-up" genus for other small brown-spored saprotrophic species found worldwide. While molecular studies have demonstrated that mushroom genera based on homoplastic morphological characters are artificial, the degree of phylogenetic heterogeneity contained within Psathyrella and Psathyrellaceae has never been appropriately addressed. For this study, 132 ribosomal sequences from approximately one-tenth of the known Psathyrella species worldwide, including representatives of most subgeneric subdivisions, and three closely related coprinoid genera (Parasola, Coprinopsis, Coprinellus) were evaluated using multiple phylogenetic methods, including likelihood, with Agaricaceae as the outgroup. Our results indicated that Psathyrella was polyphyletic. Conservatively, the genus can be separated into 11 clades of which five can be raised to generic status. Most species of Psathyrella, including its type species P. gracilis, formed a large clade with Coprinellus, which appeared to be derived from within Psathyrella. Generic limits of Parasola, Lacrymaria, and Coprinopsis should be reevaluated. Several taxa previously synonymized based on morphological features were phylogenetically distinct. Morphological features traditionally used to subdivide Psathyrella appeared to be mostly convergent (homoplasious) when traced upon the resulting phylogenies, although several had high RI values. These results were interpreted in light of the two major taxonomic treatments of Psathyrella and revealed substantial inconsistencies between the molecular- and morphology-derived inferences of relationships.