We investigated changes in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the relaxed condition in subjects who felt sleepy, but were unable to sleep. A total of 1021 subjects underwent daytime polysomnography. The sleep latency (SL) and the visual analog scale (VAS) were used to assess “immediate” objective and subjective sleepiness, respectively. The subjects were assigned to an “Alert-Alert” group (VAS ≤ 25 mm, SL ≥ 8 min), a “Sleepy-Alert” group (VAS ≥ 75 mm, SL ≥ 8 min), or a “Sleepy-Sleepy” group (VAS ≥ 75 mm, SL ≤ 4 min). In order to assess the ANS, the spectral analysis and the geometric method were used. The ANS data collected during the relaxed condition (after lights off, post-LO) was compared to that obtained during the control condition (before lights off, pre-LO). From the spectral analysis, a significant decrease of sympathetic function and an increase of parasympathetic function at post-LO in the Sleepy-Sleepy group, a tendency for sympathetic function decrease at post-LO in the Alert-Alert group, and no significant changes to sympathetic and parasympathetic function in the Sleepy-Alert group were observed. The results from the geometric method supported the results of the spectral analysis in the Alert-Alert group and the Sleepy-Sleepy group. The results of this study suggest that the ANS plays a role in individuals who are unable to sleep even though they feel sleepy and are given the opportunity to sleep.
The liquid membrane prepared with oleyl alcohol was used in pervaporation of dilute aqueous butanol solutions. The selectivity of this liquid membrane was found to be superior than that of silicone rubber membrane, and the separation factor for butanol was 180. Energy saving effect of pervaporation in butanol purification was investigated by comparing the energies required to purify a butanol solution of 0.5 wt.% in the following three separation systems; a conventional distillation system, a separation system combining pervaporation with distillation, and a pervaporation system using a hydrophobic membrane and a hydrohylic membrane in series. When the pervaporation using oleyl alcohol liquid membrane was employed as a pretreatment process of butanol purification, the energy requirement was found to be around one-tenth of that of conventional distillation.List of Symbols
ED MJ/kg
Specific energy requirement of butanol purification by distillation
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J kg/(m2 · h)
Total permeation flux
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JB kg/(m2 · h)
Permeation flux of butanol
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P1, P2 MPa
Pressure at inlet and outlet of vacuum pump
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Q kJ/h
Energy transfer rate
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QCQW kJ/h
Energy consumption rate of condenser and vacuum pump
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R J/K · mol
Gas constant
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t, T °C, K
Temperature
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W-g/h
Mass flow rate of butanol/water binary mixture
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(W)F1,-kg/h
Mass flow rate of aqueous butanol solution
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(W)F2
at inlet and outlet of permeation cell
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W* kJ/mol
Energy requirement of adiavatic expansion
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XB
Butanol mass fraction of aqueous butanol solution
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(XB)F
Butanol mass fraction of aqueous butanol solution supplied into distillation column
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(XB)F1
Butanol mass fraction of aqueous butanol
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(XB)F2
solution at inlet and outlet of permeation cell
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YB
Butanol mass fraction in permeate
-
Separation factor of butanol
-
Adiavatic constant 相似文献
By using 1,4-dioxane as the sole source of carbon, a 1,4-dioxane-degrading microorganism was isolated from soil. The fungus, termed strain A, was able to utilize 1,4-dioxane and many kinds of cyclic ethers as the sole source of carbon and was identified as Cordyceps sinensis from its 18S rRNA gene sequence. Ethylene glycol was identified as a degradation product of 1,4-dioxane by the use of deuterated 1,4-dioxane-d8 and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. A degradation pathway involving ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid was proposed, followed by incorporation of the glycolic acid and/or oxalic acid via glyoxylic acid into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 相似文献
GTP-bound Ras adopts two interconverting conformations, "inactive" state 1 and "active" state 2. However, the tertiary structure of wild-type (WT) state 1 remains unsolved. Here we solve the state 1 crystal structures of H-Ras WT together with its oncogenic G12V and Q61L mutants. They assume open structures characterized by impaired interactions of both Thr-35 in switch I and Gly-60 in switch II with the γ-phosphate of GTP and possess two surface pockets of mutually different shapes unseen in state 2, a potential target for selective inhibitor development. Furthermore, they provide a structural basis for the low GTPase activity of state 1. 相似文献
An NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase (S1) isolated from Candida magnoliae catalyzed the reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) to ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate (CHBE), with a 100% enantiomeric excess, which is a useful chiral building block for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The gene encoding the enzyme was cloned and sequenced. The S1 gene comprises 849 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 30,420 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a high degree of similarity to those of the other members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase superfamily. The S1 gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the lac promoter. The enzyme expressed in E. coli was purified to homogeneity and had the same catalytic properties as the enzyme from C. magnoliae did. An E. coli transformant reduced COBE to 125 g/l of (S)-CHBE, with an optical purity of 100% enantiomeric excess, in an organic solvent two-phase system. 相似文献
The rôle of the brain hormone as an activation hormone of the prothoracic glands in silkworm larvae was examined using decapitated larva of the fourth instar. The gland was activated by the brain hormone injected and induced early larval or larval-pupal apolysis. 相似文献
It was found that human recombinant interferon-alpha (Hu rIFN-alpha) was biologically active in the guinea pig. Namely, intratumor injection of either Hu rIFN-alpha A or A/D regressed tumors and prevented metastasis of guinea-pig line 10 tumor. These rIFNs augmented splenic natural killer activity of the guinea pig and reduced the cytopathic effect of virus on guinea-pig cells. Hu IFN-gamma showed no such activity. 相似文献
The effects of nucleoid proteins Fis and Dps of Escherichia coli on the higher order structure of a giant DNA were studied, in which Fis and Dps are known to be expressed mainly in the exponential growth phase and stationary phase, respectively. Fis causes loose shrinking of the higher order structure of a genome-sized DNA, T4 DNA (166 kbp), in a cooperative manner, that is, the DNA conformational transition proceeds through the appearance of a bimodal size distribution or the coexistence of elongated coil and shrunken globular states. The effective volume of the loosely shrunken state induced by Fis is 30–60 times larger than that of the compact state induced by spermidine, suggesting that cellular enzymes can access for DNA with the shrunken state but cannot for the compact state. Interestingly, Dps tends to inhibit the Fis-induced shrinkage of DNA, but promotes DNA compaction in the presence of spermidine. These characteristic effects of nucleotide proteins on a giant DNA are discussed by adopting a simple theoretical model with a mean-field approximation. 相似文献
Fusion rate of Cl-1D cells mediated by Sendai virus was decreased by preincubating the cells or the virus in the presence of lysolecithin. However, a significant increase occurred when the cells were preincubated in the presence of amphotericin B. This increase was suppressed by exogenous cholesterol. 相似文献