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91.
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93.
A total synthesis of racemic 4-epipimaric and 4-episandaracopimaric acids is described. 相似文献
94.
Kenichi Tsuda Akira Mine Gerit Bethke Daisuke Igarashi Christopher J. Botanga Yayoi Tsuda Jane Glazebrook Masanao Sato Fumiaki Katagiri 《PLoS genetics》2013,9(12)
Network robustness is a crucial property of the plant immune signaling network because pathogens are under a strong selection pressure to perturb plant network components to dampen plant immune responses. Nevertheless, modulation of network robustness is an area of network biology that has rarely been explored. While two modes of plant immunity, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) and Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), extensively share signaling machinery, the network output is much more robust against perturbations during ETI than PTI, suggesting modulation of network robustness. Here, we report a molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of the network robustness in Arabidopsis thaliana. The salicylic acid (SA) signaling sector regulates a major portion of the plant immune response and is important in immunity against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. In Arabidopsis, SA signaling was required for the proper regulation of the vast majority of SA-responsive genes during PTI. However, during ETI, regulation of most SA-responsive genes, including the canonical SA marker gene PR1, could be controlled by SA-independent mechanisms as well as by SA. The activation of the two immune-related MAPKs, MPK3 and MPK6, persisted for several hours during ETI but less than one hour during PTI. Sustained MAPK activation was sufficient to confer SA-independent regulation of most SA-responsive genes. Furthermore, the MPK3 and SA signaling sectors were compensatory to each other for inhibition of bacterial growth as well as for PR1 expression during ETI. These results indicate that the duration of the MAPK activation is a critical determinant for modulation of robustness of the immune signaling network. Our findings with the plant immune signaling network imply that the robustness level of a biological network can be modulated by the activities of network components. 相似文献
95.
Manami Hieda Akira Sorada Masanao Kinoshita Nobuaki Matsumori 《Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports》2021
Amphidinol 3 (AM3), a polyhydroxy-polyene metabolite from the dinoflagellate Amphidinium klebsii, possesses potent antifungal activity. AM3 is known to interact directly with membrane sterols and permeabilize membranes by forming pores. Because AM3 binds to sterols such as cholesterol and ergosterol, it can be assumed that AM3 has some impact on lipid rafts, which are membrane domains rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol. Hence, we first examined the effect of AM3 on phase-separated liposomes, in which raft-like ordered and non-raft-like disordered domains are segregated. Consequently, AM3 disrupted the phase separation at 22 μM, as in the case of methyl-β-cyclodextrin, a well-known raft-disrupter that extracts sterol from membranes. The surface plasmon resonance measurements and dye leakage assays show that AM3 preferentially recognizes cholesterol in the disordered membrane, which may reflect a weaker lipid-cholesterol interaction in disordered membrane than in ordered membrane. Finally, to gain insight into the AM3-induced coalescence of membrane phases, we measured membrane fluidity using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, demonstrating that AM3 significantly increases the order of disordered phase. Together, AM3 preferentially binds to the disordered phase rather than the ordered phase, and enhances the order of the disordered phase, consequently blending the separated phases. 相似文献
96.
Akihiro Kusumi Takahiro K. Fujiwara Taka A. Tsunoyama Rinshi S. Kasai An‐An Liu Koichiro M. Hirosawa Masanao Kinoshita Nobuaki Matsumori Naoko Komura Hiromune Ando Kenichi G. N. Suzuki 《Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)》2020,21(1):106-137
Many plasma membrane (PM) functions depend on the cholesterol concentration in the PM in strikingly nonlinear, cooperative ways: fully functional in the presence of physiological cholesterol levels (35~45 mol%), and nonfunctional below 25 mol% cholesterol; namely, still in the presence of high concentrations of cholesterol. This suggests the involvement of cholesterol‐based complexes/domains formed cooperatively. In this review, by examining the results obtained by using fluorescent lipid analogs and avoiding the trap of circular logic, often found in the raft literature, we point out the fundamental similarities of liquid‐ordered (Lo)‐phase domains in giant unilamellar vesicles, Lo‐phase‐like domains formed at lower temperatures in giant PM vesicles, and detergent‐resistant membranes: these domains are formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol, saturated acyl chains, and unsaturated acyl chains, in the presence of >25 mol% cholesterol. The literature contains evidence, indicating that the domains formed by the same basic cooperative molecular interactions exist and play essential roles in signal transduction in the PM. Therefore, as a working definition, we propose that raft domains in the PM are liquid‐like molecular complexes/domains formed by cooperative interactions of cholesterol with saturated acyl chains as well as unsaturated acyl chains, due to saturated acyl chains' weak multiple accommodating interactions with cholesterol and cholesterol's low miscibility with unsaturated acyl chains and TM proteins. Molecules move within raft domains and exchange with those in the bulk PM. We provide a logically established collection of fluorescent lipid probes that preferentially partition into raft and non‐raft domains, as defined here, in the PM. 相似文献
97.
Kenji Mori Masahiko Ohki Masanao Matsui 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(6):1085-1086
The effects of supplementation with creatine (Cr) and its analog, β-guanidinopropionic acid (β-GPA), on the differentiation of myoblasts and the numbers of nucleoli were studied in C2C12 cells. The cells were cultured in differentiation medium for 4 d. Then Cr (1 mM) or β-GPA (1 mM) was added to the cells, and the mixture was cultured for an additional 2 d. Although the number of myotubes was not different among the groups, myotube diameters and nuclear numbers in myotubes were increased by Cr and β-GPA treatment respectively. The expression of differentiation marker proteins, myogenin, and the myosine heavy chain, was increased in the β-GPA group. Supplementation with β-GPA also increased the percentage of p21 (inhibitor for cell cycle progression)-positive myoblasts. Supplementation with Cr inhibited the decrease in nucleoli numbers, whereas β-GPA increased nucleolar sizes in the myotubes. These results suggest that β-GPA supplementation stimulated the differentiation of myoblasts into multi-nucleated myotubes through induction of p21 expression. 相似文献
98.
Masaaki Uchiyama Masamichi Ohhashi Masanao Matsui 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(11):1145-1151
The condensation of acetylsalicylchloride with the morpholine enamine of cyclohexanone in the presence of triethylamine gave an adduct which was converted into tetrahydroxanthone (X) by treating with aqueous pyridine containing piperidine. The reaction was applied to condensation of the pyrrolidine enamine (VI) of 6,7-dimethoxychroman-3-one with acetyl tubaic acid chloride to afford dehydrorotenone (II). 相似文献
99.
Yoshiaki Nakahara Kenji Mori Masanao Matsui 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(6):918-928
Total syntheses of (±)-steviol (IIa) and (±)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (III) were accomplished. A synthesis of methyl (±)-8α-carboxymethylpodocarpan-13-on-19-oate (IVa), a degradation product of steviol, was also described. 相似文献
100.
2,4-Decadien-1-ol and 2,4-dodecadien-1-ol were synthesized from n-caproaldehyde and caprylaldehyde, respectively and their flavors were shown to be similar to those of chicken meat and chicken fat. 相似文献