Freezing-Out Technique Applied to the Concentration of Biologically Active Materials

When applied to a dilute solution of folic acid and glucose, a freezing-out (with agitation) technique was shown to be an effective method of achieving a 20-fold reduction in volume with a loss of 10% of the active material being concentrated. Concentration of a stimulatory factor for Lactobacillus casei produced by Candida albicans in a complex medium was limited by the total solute concentration. Salts in the medium were concentrated to levels inhibitory for L. casei. The process is not selective and all solutes are concentrated.     

Studies with cyanidium caldarium,an anomalously pigmented chlorophyte

Summary Cyanidium caldarium, an alga found in acid hot springs troughout the world, has a morphology and developmental history resembling those of Chlorella, but contains C-phycocyanin and no chlorophyll other than chlorophyll a. The reasons for considering it to be a member of the Chlorophyta are reviewed. Cyanidium is also remarkable for its thermal and acid tolerance. It grows readily in the dark on sugar media. However, light is required for the formation of chlorophyll and phycocyanin except in occasional variant cells which can form limited amounts of these pigments in the dark. Light-grown Cyanidium carries out normal green plant photosynthesis but resembles the red and some of the blue-green algae in that chlorophyll-absorbed light is used with lower efficiency than that absorbed by phycocyanin.The possible significance of the unusual pigmentation of Cyanidium is discussed.Contribution no.23 from the Laboratory of Comparative Physiology and Morphology of The Kaiser Foundation.     

Automatic search for model to simulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes within the thymus

The differentiation of T Lymphocytes within the thymus is an important biological phenomenon during wich these cell acquire their functions to further control the immune system. Numerous experiments under various conditions have been devised to understand the different mechanisms involved in this complex process. Nevertheless, interpretation of these experiments lead to still contradictory debatable hypotheses. Modelisation of this process through classical simulation methods cannot be envisaged because they are not adapted to modifications of the model structure, which is the point of interest. For these reasons, we proposed a new approach of automatic search for model. The program consists of four independent connected modules : The generator produces model, based on the rationale of formal grammars. Protocol and experimental data are stored in a set of experiments. The simulator using a protocol and a model provides simulated results. Finally, the supervisor by comparing simulated results and experimental data, adapts the model parameters to increase their fit and either chooses a new experiment to explore, or modifies the model structure. Change of the model structure is performed among still unexplored models according to their promise level, which is iteratively evaluated relatively to previously explored models through a proposed model distance. The generator is written in Prolog and the other modules in C++. The architecture of the program allows us to modify or complete a module without changing anything in the other modules. As a consequence, the proposed modeling approach conceived to study T lymphocyte differentiation within the thymus remains independent of this biological phenomenon and can be applied to other biological problems.     

Phenotypic variation during micropropagation of the chimeralRhododendron ‘President Roosevelt’

The putative periclinal chimeraRhododendron xlimbatum President Roosevelt was used to study the origin of shoots in vitro. Genotypic segregation readily occurred in vitro. Numerous phenotypes were observed, although most shoots were either entirely green or maintained the original variegation pattern. Derivatives of the third apical layer were rarely involved in shoot formation. A reversed chimeral form was isolated. Adventitious shoots were usually miniaturized and rapidly proliferating, but axillary shoots had thicker stems, larger leaves and proliferated more slowly. Corolla tissue produced stunted, leafy shoots; no variegated shoots were produced from floret explants. In shoot tip cultures the addition of 40M 2iP without IBA resulted in the greatest number of shoots. Explant choice was the most critical factor for maintenance of foliar variegation.     

MPphiWR-2, a cryptic phage associated withMicromonospora purpurea ATCC 15835

Summary A previously undescribed cryptic phage was found associated withMicromonospora purpurea ATCC 15835.     

Opioid receptors: Some perspectives from early studies of their role in normal physiology,stress responsivity,and in specific addictive diseases

The early history of research on the possible existence of specific opioid receptors and on developing a new form of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of heroin addiction in New York City, from 1960–1973, along with the special relationships between two leading scientists conducting these research efforts, Dr. Eric Simon and Dr. Vincent P. Dole Jr., are presented in a historical perspective. The linkage of these early efforts and the subsequent identification and the elucidation of the effects of exogenous opiates acting at specific opiate receptors in human physiology, including some findings from perspective studies of heroin addicts at time of entry to and during methadone maintenance treatment, are presented in the context of the important clues which thereby were provided concerning the possible roles of the endogenous opioids in normal mammalian physiology. From many of these early clinical research findings and studies in animal models, the hypothesis that the endogenous opioids system may play an important role in stress responsivity was formulated along with the related hypothesis, first presented in the early 1970s, that an atypical responsivity to stress and stressors might be involved in the acquisition and persistence of, and relapse to specific addictive diseases, including heroin addiction, cocaine dependency and alcoholism. More recent studies of the possible involvement of the specific opioid receptors in these three addictive diseases—heroin addiction, cocaine addiction and alcoholism—from our laboratory are discussed in a historical perspective of the development of these ideas from the early research findings of not only Dr. Eric Simon, but his numerous colleagues in opioid research in the United States and throughout the world. Special issue dedicated to Dr. Eric J. Simon.     

Growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in oil-in-water emulsions: I—Methods for investigating the form of growth

Methods are presented for investigating the site and form of growth of bacteria in model oil-in-water emulsions and in dairy cream. Following growth of the bacteria, the continuous aqueous phase is gelled using agarose and the oil phase removed using a mixture of chloroform and methanol. Using this method, the authors have found that Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Yersinia enterocolitica grow in the form of colonies in concentrated oil-in-water emulsions. Colonies of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica also form in artificially-inoculated fresh and tinned dairy cream. If information about the precise site of growth is not required, the authors have discovered that intact colonies can be liberated from the model emulsions by dissolving away the oil phase with chloroform: methanol.