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121.
The lagoonal Cenomanian formation (Lower Cretaceous) of clays of the region of Baugeois (north of Angers) has supplied an exceptionally well-preserved fossil flora: leaves, woody structures or/and reproductive organs of pteridophyta, gymnosperms and angiosperms. A well-preserved fossil plant found in a quarry “Le Brouillard” (8 km from Angers), has allowed a detailed morphological and structural study of this species. A comparative study with extant plants has confirmed an undoubted link between the contemporary genus Dioon (an endemic cycad from Mexico) and the fossil species. However, features observed on the lower epidermis of the leaflets, present a similarity with some Jurassic Bennettitales. This discovery, added to other common features shared by these two orders, raises questions about their relationships, thought to be different from a phylogenetic viewpoint.
Résumé
La formation lagunaire cénomanienne (Crétacé inférieur) des Argiles du Baugeois, au nord d'Angers, a fourni une flore fossile riche et exceptionnellement bien conservée: feuilles, structures ligneuses ou/et organes reproducteurs de ptéridophytes, de gymnospermes et d'angiospermes. L'excellent état de conservation d'un fragment de plante fossile, récolté dans la carrière Le Brouillard à 8 km d'Angers, a permis une étude détaillée de la morphologie et de la structure foliaire de cette plante. L'étude comparative avec des plantes actuelles a démontré l'existence d'un lien de parenté entre le genre Dioon (cycadale endémique du Mexique) et le fossile, mais des caractères originaux observés sur l'épiderme inférieur des folioles, présentent des similitudes avec certains genres de Bennettitales du Jurassique. Une telle découverte, ajoutée aux autres caractères communs préalablement décrits par d'autres auteurs, soulèvent à nouveau quelques questions sur les relations de parentés entre ces deux groupes supposés phylogénétiquement éloignés actuellement. 相似文献122.
Karam H Valdenaire O Belair MF Prigent-Sassy C Rakotosalama A Clozel M Itskovitz J Bruneval P 《Cell and tissue research》1999,295(1):101-109
The endothelin system is composed of three endothelin isoforms (ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3), the endothelin receptors ETA and ETB, and the endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Besides having a major vasoactive role, endothelins have roles in different cell types at a local level. We investigated the presence of the different components of the endothelin system in primate ovaries. Human ovaries and gonadotropin-stimulated monkey ovaries were studied using immunohistochemistry for endothelin, and in situ hybridization with probes for ET-1, ET-2, ET-3, ETA and ETB receptors, and ECE. ET-1 and ETA receptors were detected in endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, respectively, in stromal vessels adjacent to follicles and corpora lutea. ETB receptors and ET-1 were found in the endothelial cells of capillaries of corpora lutea. ECE was present in internal theca cells of secondary, de Graaf, atretic follicles, and in luteinized granulosa cells of the corpora lutea. The endothelin system components are present in or around the follicles of human and monkey ovaries. Although the components are not expressed in the same cell types, they are synthesized, mainly in follicles, by cells that are in close proximity. Thus, the endothelin system could act in a paracrine manner. ECE expression in steroid-producing cells changes its compartmentalization during follicle maturation. 相似文献
123.
A new Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with a mutant Smt3-deconjugating Ulp1 protein is affected in DNA replication and requires Srs2 and homologous recombination for its viability 下载免费PDF全文
Soustelle C Vernis L Fréon K Reynaud-Angelin A Chanet R Fabre F Heude M 《Molecular and cellular biology》2004,24(12):5130-5143
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Srs2 protein is involved in DNA repair and recombination. In order to gain better insight into the roles of Srs2, we performed a screen to identify mutations that are synthetically lethal with an srs2 deletion. One of them is a mutated allele of the ULP1 gene that encodes a protease specifically cleaving Smt3-protein conjugates. This allele, ulp1-I615N, is responsible for an accumulation of Smt3-conjugated proteins. The mutant is unable to grow at 37 degrees C. At permissive temperatures, it still shows severe growth defects together with a strong hyperrecombination phenotype and is impaired in meiosis. Genetic interactions between ulp1 and mutations that affect different repair pathways indicated that the RAD51-dependent homologous recombination mechanism, but not excision resynthesis, translesion synthesis, or nonhomologous end-joining processes, is required for the viability of the mutant. Thus, both Srs2, believed to negatively control homologous recombination, and the process of recombination per se are essential for the viability of the ulp1 mutant. Upon replication, mutant cells accumulate single-stranded DNA interruptions. These structures are believed to generate different recombination intermediates. Some of them are fixed by recombination, and others require Srs2 to be reversed and fixed by an alternate pathway. 相似文献
124.
Crocker E Patel AB Eilers M Jayaraman S Getmanova E Reeves PJ Ziliox M Khorana HG Sheves M Smith SO 《Journal of biomolecular NMR》2004,29(1):11-20
Two dimensional (2D) solid-state (13)C.(13)C dipolar recoupling experiments are performed on a series of model compounds and on the visual pigment rhodopsin to establish the most effective method for long range distance measurements in reconstituted membrane proteins. The effects of uniform labeling, inhomogeneous B(1) fields, relaxation and dipolar truncation on cross peak intensity are investigated through NMR measurements of simple amino acid and peptide model compounds. We first show that dipolar assisted rotational resonance (DARR) is more effective than RFDR in recoupling long-range dipolar interactions in these model systems. We then use DARR to establish (13)C-(13)C correlations in rhodopsin. In rhodopsin containing 4'-(13)C-Tyr and 8,19-(13)C retinal, we observe two distinct tyrosine-to-retinal correlations in the DARR spectrum. The most intense cross peak arises from a correlation between Tyr268 and the retinal 19-(13)CH(3), which are 4.8 A apart in the rhodopsin crystal structure. A second cross peak arises from a correlation between Tyr191 and the retinal 19-(13)CH(3), which are 5.5 A apart in the crystal structure. These data demonstrate that long range (13)C em leader (13)C correlations can be obtained in non-crystalline integral membrane proteins reconstituted into lipid membranes containing less than 150 nmoles of protein. In rhodopsin containing 2-(13)C Gly121 and U-(13)C Trp265, we do not observe a Trp-Gly cross peak in the DARR spectrum despite their close proximity (3.6 A) in the crystal structure. Based on model compounds, the absence of a (13)C em leader (13)C cross peak is due to loss of intensity in the diagonal Trp resonances rather than to dipolar truncation. 相似文献
125.
Redox signaling: thiol chemistry defines which reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can act as second messengers 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Except for the role of NO in the activation of guanylate cyclase, which is well established, the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in signal transduction remains controversial, despite a large body of evidence suggestive of their participation in a variety of signaling pathways. Several problems have limited their acceptance as signaling molecules, with the major one being the difficulty in identifying the specific targets for each pathway and the chemical reactions supporting reversible oxidation of these signaling components, consistent with a second messenger role for ROS and RNS. Nevertheless, it has become clear that cysteine residues in the thiolate (i.e., ionized) form that are found in some proteins can be specific targets for reaction with H2O2 and RNS. This review focuses on the chemistry of the reversible oxidation of those thiolates, with a particular emphasis on the critical thiolate found in protein tyrosine phosphatases as an example. hydrogen peroxide; thiolate; nitrosothiol; nitric oxide; signal transduction 相似文献
126.
127.
The SNF1/AMPK/SnRK1 heterotrimeric kinase complex is involved in the adaptation of cellular metabolism in response to diverse stresses in yeast, mammals and plants. Following a model proposed in yeast, the kinase targets are likely to bind the complex via the non-catalytic -subunits. These proteins currently identified in yeast, mammals and plants present a common structure with two conserved interacting domains named Kinase Interacting Sequence (KIS) and Association with SNF1 Complex (ASC), and a highly variable N-terminal domain. In this paper we describe the characterisation of AKIN3, a novel protein related to AKIN subunits of Arabidopsis thaliana, containing a truncated KIS domain and no N-terminal extension. Interestingly the missing region of the KIS domain corresponds to the glycogen-binding domain (-GBD) identified in the mammalian AMPK1. In spite of its unusual features, AKIN3 complements the yeast sip1sip2gal83 mutant. Moreover, interactions between AKIN3 and other AKIN complex subunits from A. thaliana were detected by two-hybrid experiments and in vitro binding assays. Taken together these data demonstrate that AKIN3 is a -type subunit. A search for -type subunits revealed the existence of 3-type proteins in other plant species. Furthermore, we suggest that the AKIN3-type subunits could be plant specific since no related sequences have been found in any of the other completely sequenced genomes. These data suggest the existence of novel SnRK1 complexes including AKIN3-type subunits, involved in several functions among which some could be plant specific. 相似文献
128.
Duclos M Gouarne C Martin C Rocher C Mormède P Letellier T 《American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism》2004,286(2):E159-E167
Previous studies in rat have demonstrated decreased number of mitochondria and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation after administration of glucocorticoids but at supraphysiological doses and using synthetic glucocorticoids. To analyze the relationships between corticosterone levels (the natural glucocorticoid in rat) and muscle mitochondrial metabolism, Lewis and Fischer 344 rats were bilaterally adrenalectomized and implanted with different corticosterone pellets (0, 12, 50, 100, and 200 mg of corticosterone). Rats bearing a corticosterone pellet delivering corticosterone at concentrations in the range of chronic stress-induced levels presented a lower amount of functional muscle mitochondria with a decrease in cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase activities and a depletion of mitochondrial DNA. Moreover, a strain difference in tissue sensitivity to corticosterone was depicted both in end-organ sensitive to glucocorticoids (body, thymus, and adrenal weights) and in muscle mitochondrial metabolism (Lewis > Fischer). Interestingly, this strain difference was also observed in the absence of corticosterone, with a deleterious effect on muscle mitochondrial metabolism in Fischer rats, whereas no effects were observed in Lewis rats. We therefore postulate that corticosterone is necessary for muscle mitochondrial metabolism exerting its effects in Fischer rats with an inverted U curve, whereby too little (only Fischer) or too much (Fischer and Lewis) corticosterone is deleterious to muscle mitochondrial metabolism. In conclusion, we propose a general model of coordinate regulation of mitochondrial energetic metabolism by glucocorticoids. 相似文献
129.
Mithieux G Bady I Gautier A Croset M Rajas F Zitoun C 《American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism》2004,286(3):E370-E375
We studied in rats the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis from glutamine and glycerol in the small intestine (SI) during fasting and diabetes. From Northern blot and enzymatic studies, we report that only phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity is induced at 24 h of fasting, whereas glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity is induced only from 48 h. Both genes then plateau, whereas glutaminase and glycerokinase strikingly rebound between 48 and 72 h. The two latter genes are fully expressed in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. From arteriovenous balance and isotopic techniques, we show that the SI does not release glucose at 24 h of fasting and that SI gluconeogenesis contributes to 35% of total glucose production in 72-h-fasted rats. The new findings are that 1) the SI can quantitatively account for up to one-third of glucose production in prolonged fasting; 2) the induction of PEPCK is not sufficient by itself to trigger SI gluconeogenesis; 3) G-6-Pase likely plays a crucial role in this process; and 4) glutaminase and glycerokinase may play a key potentiating role in the latest times of fasting and in diabetes. 相似文献
130.
Petosa C Schoehn G Askjaer P Bauer U Moulin M Steuerwald U Soler-López M Baudin F Mattaj IW Müller CW 《Molecular cell》2004,16(5):761-775
CRM1/Exportin1 mediates the nuclear export of proteins bearing a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) by forming a cooperative ternary complex with the NES-bearing substrate and the small GTPase Ran. We present a structural model of human CRM1 based on a combination of X-ray crystallography, homology modeling, and electron microscopy. The architecture of CRM1 resembles that of the import receptor transportin1, with 19 HEAT repeats and a large loop implicated in Ran binding. Residues critical for NES recognition are identified adjacent to the cysteine residue targeted by leptomycin B (LMB), a specific CRM1 inhibitor. We present evidence that a conformational change of the Ran binding loop accounts for the cooperativity of Ran- and substrate binding and for the selective enhancement of CRM1-mediated export by the cofactor RanBP3. Our findings indicate that a single architectural and mechanistic framework can explain the divergent effects of RanGTP on substrate binding by many import and export receptors. 相似文献