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41.
Han X Yu R Ji L Zhen D Tao S Li S Sun Y Huang L Feng Z Li X Han G Schmidt M Han L 《Molecular microbiology》2011,81(4):860-880
Internalization of Listeria monocytogenes into non-phagocytic cells is tightly controlled by host cell actin dynamics and cell membrane alterations. However, knowledge about the impact of phosphatidylcholine cleavage driven by host cell phospholipase D (PLD) on Listeria internalization into epithelial cells is limited. Here, we report that L. monocytogenes activates PLD in Vero cells during the internalization. With immunostaining it was shown that both PLD1 and PLD2 surrounded partially or completely the phagocytic cup of most L. monocytogenes. Either up- or down-regulation of PLD expression (activity) diminished Listeria internalization. Both PLD1 and PLD2 in Vero cells were required for efficient Listeria internalization, and could substitute for each other in the regulation of Listeria internalization. Further, exogenous InlB activated host cell PLD1 and PLD2 via the Met receptor, and restored host PLD activation by InlB-deficient L. monocytogenes. InlB-induced PLD activation and Listeria internalization were tightly controlled by phospho-cycling of cofilin. PLD1, but not PLD2, was involved in cofilin-mediated PLD activation and Listeria internalization. These data indicate that cofilin-dependent PLD activation induced by InlB may represent a novel regulation mechanism for efficient Listeria internalization into epithelial cells. 相似文献
42.
Development of a 16S rRNA gene-based prototype microarray for the detection of selected actinomycetes genera 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kyselková M Kopecký J Felföldi T Cermák L Omelka M Grundmann GL Moënne-Loccoz Y Ságová-Marecková M 《Antonie van Leeuwenhoek》2008,94(3):439-453
Actinomycetes are known for their secondary metabolites, which have been successfully used as drugs in human and veterinary medicines. However, information on the distribution of this group of Gram-positive bacteria in diverse ecosystems and a comprehension of their activities in ecosystem processes are still scarce. We have developed a 16S rRNA-based taxonomic microarray that targets key actinomycetes at the genus level. In total, 113 actinomycete 16S rRNA probes, corresponding to 55 of the 202 described genera, were designed. The microarray accuracy was evaluated by comparing signal intensities with probe/target-weighted mismatch values and the Gibbs energy of the probe/target duplex formation by hybridizing 17 non-actinomycete and 29 actinomycete strains/clones with the probe set. The validation proved that the probe set was specific, with only 1.3% of false results. The incomplete coverage of actinomycetes by a genus-specific probe was caused by the limited number of 16S rRNA gene sequences in databases or insufficient 16S rRNA gene polymorphism. The microarray enabled discrimination between actinomycete communities from three forest soil samples collected at one site. Cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from one of the soil samples confirmed the microarray results. We propose that this newly constructed microarray will be a valuable tool for genus-level comparisons of actinomycete communities in various ecological conditions. 相似文献
43.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha enhances influenza A virus-induced expression of antiviral cytokines by activating RIG-I gene expression
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Matikainen S Sirén J Tissari J Veckman V Pirhonen J Severa M Sun Q Lin R Meri S Uzé G Hiscott J Julkunen I 《Journal of virology》2006,80(7):3515-3522
Epithelial cells of the lung are the primary targets for respiratory viruses. Virus-carried single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) can activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8, whereas dsRNA is bound by TLR3 and a cytoplasmic RNA helicase, retinoic acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I). This recognition leads to the activation of host cell cytokine gene expression. Here we have studied the regulation of influenza A and Sendai virus-induced alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), IFN-beta, interleukin-28 (IL-28), and IL-29 gene expression in human lung A549 epithelial cells. Sendai virus infection readily activated the expression of the IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IL-28, and IL-29 genes, whereas influenza A virus-induced activation of these genes was mainly dependent on pretreatment of A549 cells with IFN-alpha or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha induced the expression of the RIG-I, TLR3, MyD88, TRIF, and IRF7 genes, whereas no detectable TLR7 and TLR8 was seen in A549 cells. TNF-alpha also strongly enhanced IKK epsilon mRNA and protein expression. Ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of RIG-I (deltaRIG-I) or IKK epsilon, but not that of TLR3, enhanced the expression of the IFN-beta, IL-28, and IL-29 genes. Furthermore, a dominant-negative form of RIG-I inhibited influenza A virus-induced IFN-beta promoter activity in TNF-alpha-pretreated cells. In conclusion, IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha enhanced the expression of the components of TLR and RIG-I signaling pathways, but RIG-I was identified as the central regulator of influenza A virus-induced expression of antiviral cytokines in human lung epithelial cells. 相似文献
44.
Bernd Wissinger Herbert Jägle Susanne Kohl Martina Broghammer Britta Baumann David B Hanna Christian Hedels Eckhard Apfelstedt-Sylla Giorgio Randazzo Samuel G Jacobson Eberhart Zrenner Lindsay T Sharpe 《Genomics》1998,51(3):325
We have performed linkage analysis in eight families with rod monochromacy, an autosomal recessively inherited condition with complete color blindness. Significant linkage was found with markers located at the pericentromeric region of chromosome 2. A maximum lod score of 5.36 was obtained for marker D2S2333 at θ = 0.00. Mapping of meiotic breakpoints localized the disease gene between markers D2S2187 and D2S2229. Homozygosity for a number of subsequent markers indicating identity by descent was found in two families and provides evidence for a further refinement of the locus proximal to D2S373. This defines an interval of ≈3 cM covering theACHM2locus for rod monochromacy. Radiation hybrid mapping of theCNGA3gene encoding the α-subunit of the cGMP gated cation channel in human cone photoreceptors resulted in a maximum lod score of 16.1 with marker D2S2311 combined with a calculated physical distance of 6.19cR10,000. Screening of the CEPH YAC library and subsequent STS mapping indicated the physical order cen–D2S2222–D2S2175–(D2S2187/D2S2311)–qtel ofmarkers on 2q11 and showed that theCNGA3gene maps most closely to D2S2187 and D2S2311. These data indicate that theCNGA3gene maps within the critical interval of theACHM2locus for rod monochromacy and thus is a candidate gene for this disease. 相似文献
45.
Malawski GA Hillig RC Monteclaro F Eberspaecher U Schmitz AA Crusius K Huber M Egner U Donner P Müller-Tiemann B 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2006,15(12):2718-2728
This study describes an efficient multiparallel automated workflow of cloning, expression, purification, and crystallization of a large set of construct variants for isolated protein domains aimed at structure determination by X-ray crystallography. This methodology is applied to MAPKAP kinase 2, a key enzyme in the inflammation pathway and thus an attractive drug target. The study reveals a distinct subset of truncation variants with improved crystallization properties. These constructs distinguish themselves by increased solubility and stability during a parallel automated multistep purification process including removal of the recombinant tag. High-throughput protein melting point analysis characterizes this subset of constructs as particularly thermostable. Both parallel purification screening and melting point determination clearly identify residue 364 as the optimal C terminus for the kinase domain. Moreover, all three constructs that ultimately crystallized feature this C terminus. At the N terminus, only three amino acids differentiate a noncrystallizing from a crystallizing construct. This study addresses the very common issues associated with difficult to crystallize proteins, those of solubility and stability, and the crucial importance of particular residues in the formation of crystal contacts. A methodology is suggested that includes biophysical measurements to efficiently identify and produce construct variants of isolated protein domains which exhibit higher crystallization propensity. 相似文献
46.
Haagmans BL Kuiken T Martina BE Fouchier RA Rimmelzwaan GF van Amerongen G van Riel D de Jong T Itamura S Chan KH Tashiro M Osterhaus AD 《Nature medicine》2004,10(3):290-293
The primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly discovered coronavirus. Replication of this SARS coronavirus (SCV) occurs mainly in the lower respiratory tract, and causes diffuse alveolar damage. Lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS has prevented the rational development of a therapy against this disease. Here we show extensive SCV antigen expression in type 1 pneumocytes of experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at 4 d postinfection (d.p.i.), indicating that this cell type is the primary target for SCV infection early in the disease, and explaining the subsequent pulmonary damage. We also show that prophylactic treatment of SCV-infected macaques with the antiviral agent pegylated interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) significantly reduces viral replication and excretion, viral antigen expression by type 1 pneumocytes and pulmonary damage, compared with untreated macaques. Postexposure treatment with pegylated IFN-alpha yielded intermediate results. We therefore suggest that pegylated IFN-alpha protects type 1 pneumocytes from SCV infection, and should be considered a candidate drug for SARS therapy. 相似文献
47.
Grandi P Rybin V Bassler J Petfalski E Strauss D Marzioch M Schäfer T Kuster B Tschochner H Tollervey D Gavin AC Hurt E 《Molecular cell》2002,10(1):105-115
We report the characterization of early pre-ribosomal particles. Twelve TAP-tagged components each showed nucleolar localization, sedimented at approximately 90S on sucrose gradients, and coprecipitated both the 35S pre-rRNA and the U3 snoRNA. Thirty-five non-ribosomal proteins were coprecipitated, including proteins associated with U3 (Nop56p, Nop58p, Sof1p, Rrp9, Dhr1p, Imp3p, Imp4p, and Mpp10p) and other factors required for 18S rRNA synthesis (Nop14p, Bms1p, and Krr1p). Mutations in components of the 90S pre-ribosomes impaired 40S subunit assembly and export. Strikingly, few components of recently characterized pre-60S ribosomes were identified in the 90S pre-ribosomes. We conclude that the 40S synthesis machinery predominately associates with the 35S pre-rRNA factors, whereas factors required for 60S subunit synthesis largely bind later, showing an unexpected dichotomy in binding. 相似文献
48.
Manfred Wirth Evelyn Berthold Martina Grashoff Horst Pfützner Uli Schubert Hansjörg Hauser 《Cytotechnology》1994,16(2):67-77
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for the general detection ofMollicutes. 25Mycoplasma andAcholeplasma species were detected including important contaminants of cell cultures such asM. orale, M. arginini, M. hyorhinis, M. fermentans, A. laidlawii and additional human and animal mycoplasmas. PCR reactions were performed using a set of nested primers defined from conserved regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The detection limit was determined to be 1 fg mycoplasma DNA, which is equivalent to 1–2 genome copies of the 16S rRNA coding region. The identity of the amplification products was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis. DNA from closely and distantly related micro-organisms did not give rise to specific amplification products. The method presented here offers a much more sensitive, specific and rapid assay for the detection of mycoplasmas than the existing ones. 相似文献
49.
50.
Martina Wendel Anna Petzold Roland Koslowski Michael Kasper Antje Augstein Lilla Knels Jörg-Uwe Bleyl Thea Koch 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2000,122(5):507-517
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition with concomitant loss of gas exchange units, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Increased levels of ET-1 from tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage have been reported in patients with pulmonary fibrosis and in animal models after intratracheal bleomycin. We characterized the cellular distribution of alveolar ET receptors by immunohistochemistry in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat and determined the regulation by bleomycin of ET receptor mRNA expression in isolated alveolar macrophages and rat lung fibroblasts. We found significant increases in the numbers of fibroblasts and macrophages at day 7 compared to day 28 and control animals. ETB receptor immunoreactivity was observed on fibroblasts and invading monocytes. Isolated fibroblasts expressed both ETA and ETB receptor mRNA, and ETA receptor mRNA was upregulated by bleomycin. Isolated resident alveolar macrophages expressed neither ETA nor ETB receptor mRNA which were also not induced by bleomycin. We conclude that, while ETB receptor stimulation of fibroblasts and monocytes recruited during bleomycin-induced lung injury exerts antagonistic effects on fibroblast collagen synthesis, the observed increase in the number of fibroblasts in vivo and upregulation of fibroblast ETA receptor mRNA by bleomycin in vitro point to a predominance of the profibrotic effects of ET receptor engagement. 相似文献