全文获取类型
收费全文 | 127509篇 |
免费 | 6721篇 |
国内免费 | 57篇 |
专业分类
134287篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 770篇 |
2019年 | 645篇 |
2018年 | 1688篇 |
2017年 | 1811篇 |
2016年 | 3840篇 |
2015年 | 7660篇 |
2014年 | 7453篇 |
2013年 | 7701篇 |
2012年 | 7668篇 |
2011年 | 4974篇 |
2010年 | 4011篇 |
2009年 | 3681篇 |
2008年 | 3108篇 |
2007年 | 3036篇 |
2006年 | 2909篇 |
2005年 | 8652篇 |
2004年 | 7414篇 |
2003年 | 5415篇 |
2002年 | 2962篇 |
2001年 | 2000篇 |
2000年 | 1180篇 |
1999年 | 2245篇 |
1998年 | 857篇 |
1992年 | 2423篇 |
1991年 | 2443篇 |
1990年 | 2491篇 |
1989年 | 2420篇 |
1988年 | 2372篇 |
1987年 | 2206篇 |
1986年 | 1953篇 |
1985年 | 2028篇 |
1984年 | 1476篇 |
1983年 | 1165篇 |
1982年 | 788篇 |
1981年 | 705篇 |
1980年 | 643篇 |
1979年 | 1334篇 |
1978年 | 999篇 |
1977年 | 835篇 |
1976年 | 855篇 |
1975年 | 1118篇 |
1974年 | 1196篇 |
1973年 | 1214篇 |
1972年 | 1106篇 |
1971年 | 1084篇 |
1970年 | 956篇 |
1969年 | 974篇 |
1968年 | 838篇 |
1967年 | 853篇 |
1966年 | 682篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
101.
L N Kobylianski? 《Biulleten' eksperimental'no? biologii i meditsiny》1984,98(10):425-427
The total and unsedimentable activity of acid DNase, RNase, phosphatase and arylsulfatases A and B was examined in the rat kidneys during long-term compression of soft tissues in the presence of high excitability of the sympathoadrenal system. Injection of adrenalin to rats with trauma reduced the total activity of DNase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatases A and B, particularly at the late periods of soft tissue compression, whereas the total activity of acid RNase slightly increased as compared with control. Compression of soft tissues after adrenalin preinjection was accompanied by a substantial rise of unsedimentable activity of the lysosomal enzymes under study in the kidneys. The activity of the enzymes in cytosol progressively ascended as the time of soft tissue injury increased. 相似文献
102.
Svetlana A. Semerikova Vladimir L. Semerikov Martin Lascoux 《Journal of Biogeography》2011,38(2):326-340
Aim The main aim of the present study is to infer the post‐glacial history of Abies species from north‐east Asia and to test the hypotheses that coastal Abies populations suffered less from climatic fluctuations during Pleistocene glacial periods than their more continental counterparts, and that Sakhalin was a major area of introgression. Location Natural ranges of the fir species Abies nephrolepis, Abies sachalinensis and Abies holophylla in the Russian Far East, and of Abies gracilis, which is endemic to the Kamchatka Peninsula. Methods Nineteen populations were sampled for allozyme analysis. Seventeen of these populations were also screened for variation at two paternally inherited chloroplast DNA microsatellite loci (cpSSR) and variation at one maternally inherited mitochondrial marker (nad4‐3/4). Finally a subset of 11 populations was analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Comparisons were made with already available Abies sibirica data. For all sets of markers, we estimated genetic diversity and differentiation using an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Population clustering was assessed with a Bayesian approach implemented in structure v.2.3. Results Among the three major species, A. sibirica, A. nephrolepis and A. sachalinensis, A. sachalinensis demonstrated the highest cytoplasmic and nuclear diversity and the most continental species, A. sibirica, the lowest. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers revealed the presence of a transitional zone on Sakhalin Island between A. nephrolepis and A. sachalinensis of south Sakhalin. The structure analysis delivered very clear results confirming the admixed origin of A. sachalinensis, with a genetic contribution from A. nephrolepis. No variation in cytoplasmic markers was found in A. gracilis, suggesting the occurrence of a recent bottleneck. Main conclusions There is a clear reduction of genetic diversity in Abies species from the Pacific coast into the continent. The higher diversity in A. sachalinensis could have two causes: a larger effective population size in the islands due to relatively stable climatic conditions and consequently less pronounced demographic fluctuations in population size and/or hybridization with continental and Japanese populations. Sakhalin Island is a major transitional zone for conifer species. Finally, the fir from Kamchatka, A. gracilis, should be regarded as a separate species closely related to the A. nephrolepis–A. sachalinensis complex. 相似文献
103.
104.
Ecology of juvenile grouse during the transition to adulthood 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
105.
Simultaneous Display of Multiple Foreign Peptides in the FliD Capping and FliC Filament Proteins of the Escherichia coli Flagellum 下载免费PDF全文
Katariina Majander Timo K. Korhonen Benita Westerlund-Wikstr?m 《Applied microbiology》2005,71(8):4263-4268
The bacterial flagellum is composed of more than 20 different proteins. The filament, which constitutes the major extracellular part of the flagellum, is built up of approximately 20,000 FliC molecules that assemble at the growing distal end of the filament. A capping structure composed of five FliD molecules located at the tip of the filament promotes polymerization of FliC. Lack of FliD leads to release of the subunits into the growth medium. We show here that FliD can be successfully used in bacterial surface display. We tested various insertion sites in the capping protein, and the optimal region for display was at the variable region in FliD. Deletion and/or insertion at other sites resulted in decreased formation of flagella. We further developed the technique into a multihybrid display system in which three foreign peptides are simultaneously expressed within the same flagellum, i.e., D repeats of FnBPA from Staphylococcus aureus at the tip and fragments of YadA from Yersinia enterocolitica as well as SlpA from Lactobacillus crispatus along the filament. This technology can have biotechnological applications, e.g., in simultaneous delivery of several effector molecules. 相似文献
106.
L V Loskutova M A Gilinski? 《Zhurnal vysshe? nervno? deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova》1987,37(6):1070-1074
Character of conditioned reaction of passive avoidance was analyzed in Wistar line male rats after neurochemical destruction of terminal dopaminergic fields of the amygdalar complex. 6-hydroxydopamine was bilaterally administered to the central nucleus of the amygdalar complex after preliminary treating with desmethylimipramine for selective destruction of dopaminergic terminals. Lowering of dopamine level in the amygdalar complex led to a weakening of reproduction and to prolongation of spontaneous extinction of conditioned reaction. Features of conditioned reaction are highly similar to the effect of latent inhibition connected with attention deficit. It is suggested that activity of terminal fields of the amygdalar complex is one of the mechanisms providing for attention and intensifying selection of information in learning. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
During the progression of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPeM), tumor nodules propagate diffusely within the abdomen and tumors are characterized by distinct phenotypic sub-types. Recent studies in solid organ cancers have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of tumors. However, it is not known whether tumorigenic stem cells exist and whether they promote tumor growth in MPeM. In this study, we developed and characterized a CSC model for MPeM using stably expandable tumorigenic stem cells derived from patient tumors. We found morphologically distinct populations of CSCs that divide asymmetrically or symmetrically in MPeM in vitro cell culture. The MPeM stem cells (MPeMSCs) express stem cell markers c-MYC, NES and VEGFR2 and in the presence of matrix components cells form colony spheres. MPeMSCs are multipotent, differentiate into neuronal, vascular and adipose progeny upon defined induction and the differentiating cells express lineage-specific markers such as TUBB3, an early neuronal marker; vWF, VEGFA, VEGFC and IL-8, endothelial markers; and PPARγ and FABP4, adipose markers. Xenotransplantation experiments using MPeMSCs demonstrated early tumor growth compared with parental cells. Limiting dilution experiments using MPeMSCs and endothelial lineage-induced cells derived from a single MPeMSC resulted in early tumor growth in the latter group indicating that endothelial differentiation of MPeMSCs is important for MPeM tumor initiation. Our observation that the MPeM tumors contain stem cells with tumorigenic potential has important implications for understanding the cells of origin and tumor progression in MPeM and hence targeting CSCs may be a useful strategy to inhibit malignant progression. 相似文献
110.