全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6523篇 |
免费 | 1007篇 |
国内免费 | 3665篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 55篇 |
2023年 | 240篇 |
2022年 | 355篇 |
2021年 | 404篇 |
2020年 | 405篇 |
2019年 | 435篇 |
2018年 | 263篇 |
2017年 | 283篇 |
2016年 | 295篇 |
2015年 | 425篇 |
2014年 | 619篇 |
2013年 | 524篇 |
2012年 | 714篇 |
2011年 | 663篇 |
2010年 | 565篇 |
2009年 | 575篇 |
2008年 | 616篇 |
2007年 | 611篇 |
2006年 | 528篇 |
2005年 | 469篇 |
2004年 | 347篇 |
2003年 | 304篇 |
2002年 | 244篇 |
2001年 | 237篇 |
2000年 | 232篇 |
1999年 | 163篇 |
1998年 | 89篇 |
1997年 | 70篇 |
1996年 | 38篇 |
1995年 | 42篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 26篇 |
1990年 | 29篇 |
1989年 | 41篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 18篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 22篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1965年 | 8篇 |
1964年 | 5篇 |
1953年 | 5篇 |
1950年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
101.
含单核中后期至后期花粉的蚕豆离体花药,经过2mM丁酸钠24小时预处理后,再漂浮培养于pH5.8或7.0的液体培养基。以不经预处理的作为对照。结果如下: 1.培养后9天内,丁酸钠预处理和培养基pH值并不明显影响花粉退化百分率。2.培养初期,pH7.0显著促进小孢子不等分裂。3.丁酸钠预处理抑制培养初期的小孢子有丝分裂,而后又显著增加小孢子均等分裂百分率。4.丁酸钠预处理导致小孢子有丝分裂类型的趋向改变。本文还对丁酸钠导致有丝分裂类型趋向改变的可能原因,进行了讨论。 相似文献
102.
103.
104.
在不同生境的松林中,人工补充寄主卵都能提高寄生效果。但林地生境不同,寄生率有明显差异。在松阔混交林中补充寄主,其寄生率比对照提高5.5—16.2倍。植被稀疏的纯松林效果较差,补充的寄生率比对照提高3.0倍。 卵蜂种群消长随季节温度而变化,全年以5月中旬至6月下旬和9月中旬至10月中旬为两个寄生高峰。卵蜂种群与松毛虫种群的消长存在较明显的相依关系,卵蜂种群随着松毛虫种群的消长而消长。施药对卵蜂种群有较大影响,施药区比对照区的寄生率约降低一倍。在混交林中填充寄主卵,能促进卵蜂种群世代延续。在逐步改善林地生境的基础上,利用人工补充寄主,可以代替人工繁蜂放蜂。 相似文献
105.
A. G. Fazekas J. Marti M. Flores J. K. MacFarlane D. M. P. Thomson 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1978,5(2):145-147
Summary The intensity of cortisol binding was measured in the cytosol fraction of the primary tumor obtained from 50 patients with stage I and II breast cancer. The state of cellular antitumor immunity of the same patients was investigated by the tube leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test, performed with peripheral blood leucocytes 1–2 days preoperatively. It was found that the intensity of tumor cortisol binding correlates negatively with LAI values. Patients with high cortisol binding in their tumors have low LAI values, while low tumor cortisol binding is associated with higher antitumor immunity. The results suggest that high cortisol binding in the tumor might inhibit the tumor recognition process and/or the cellular immune defense mechanism and thus facilitate cancer development. 相似文献
106.
宇宙空间是无限的,但适于人类生活和生物生存的生物圈则是有限的,它是个松散结构的大系统,其中包括许多类型的生物集团与无机环境结合而成的功能单元,即生态系统。在长期进化过程中,通过物质循环与能量交换,生物圈与生态系统之间建立了相互协调与补偿关系,并使生物圈及生态系统都具有一定限度的调节功能。人类对自然界的依存关系,以及自然界所形成的生态平衡是长期演化而形成的,人类亦参与和适应了此平衡过程。维持这种平衡的基础是有规律的物质循环和能量交換。此种质能流动则是通过 相似文献
107.
Bacteriorhodopsin mutants containing single substitutions of serine or threonine residues are all active in proton translocation. 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
T Marti H Otto T Mogi S J R?sselet M P Heyn H G Khorana 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1991,266(11):6919-6927
To study their role in proton translocation by bacteriorhodopsin, 22 serine and threonine residues presumed to be located within and near the border of the transmembrane segments have been individually replaced by alanine or valine, respectively. Thr-89 was substituted by alanine, valine, and aspartic acid, and Ser-141 by alanine and cysteine. Most of the mutants showed essentially wild-type phenotype with regard to chromophore regeneration and absorption spectrum. However, replacement of Thr-89 by Val and of Ser-141 by Cys caused striking blue shifts of the chromophore by 100 and 80 nm, respectively. All substitutions of Thr-89 regenerated the chromophore at least 10-fold faster with 13-cis retinal than with all-trans retinal. The substitutions at positions 89, 90, and 141 also showed abnormal dark-light adaptation, suggesting interactions between these residues and the retinylidene chromophore. Proton pumping measurements revealed 60-75% activity for mutants of Thr-46, -89, -90, -205, and Ser-226, and about 20% for Ser-141----Cys, whereas the remaining mutants showed normal pumping. Kinetic studies of the photocycle and of proton release and uptake for mutants in which proton pumping was reduced revealed generally little alterations. The reduced activity in several of these mutants is most likely due to a lower percentage of all-trans retinal in the light-adapted state. In the mutants Thr-46----Val and Ser-226----Ala the decay of the photointer-mediate M was significantly accelerated, indicating an interaction between these residues and Asp-96 which reprotonates the Schiff base. Our results show that no single serine or threonine residue is obligatory for proton pumping. 相似文献
108.
The retinylidene Schiff base counterion in bacteriorhodopsin 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
T Marti S J R?sselet H Otto M P Heyn H G Khorana 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1991,266(28):18674-18683
Previous studies of bacteriorhodopsin have indicated interactions between Asp-85, Asp-212, Arg-82, and the retinylidene Schiff base. The counterion environment of the Schiff base has now been further investigated by using single and double mutants of the above amino acids. Chromophore regeneration from bacterioopsin proceeds to a normal extent in the presence of a single aspartate or glutamate residue at position 85 or 212, whereas replacement of both charged amino acids in the mutant Asp-85----Asn/Asp-212----Asn abolishes the binding of retinal. This indicates that a carboxylate group at either residue 85 or 212 is required as counterion for formation and for stabilization of the protonated Schiff base. Measurements of the pKa of the Schiff base reveal reductions of greater than 3.5 units for neutral single mutants of Asp-85 but only decreases of less than 1.2 units for corresponding substitutions of Asp-212, relative to the wild type. Substitutions of Asp-85 show large red shifts in the absorption spectrum that are partially reversible upon addition of anions, whereas mutants of Asp-212 display minor red shifts or blue shifts. We conclude, therefore, that Asp-85 is the retinylidene Schiff base counterion in wild-type bacteriorhodopsin. In the mutant Asp-85----Asn/Asp-212----Asn formation of a protonated Schiff base chromophore is restored in the presence of salts. The spectral properties of the double mutant are similar to those of the acid-purple form of bacteriorhodopsin. Upon addition of salts the folded structure of wild-type and mutant proteins can be stabilized at low pH in lipid/detergent micelles. The data indicate that exogenous anions serve as surrogate counterions to the protonated Schiff base, when the intrinsic counterions have been neutralized by mutation or by protonation. 相似文献
109.
The use of tryptophan mutants in identifying the 296 nm transient absorbing species during the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The transient absorption at 296 nm was part of the spectroscopic evidence that initiated the proposal that tyrosinate (Tyr-) is formed during, and important to, the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin (bR). Recent evidence against such a proposal comes from the results of NMR, UV Raman as well as electron cryo-microscopic structural studies. This makes it credible to assign this absorption to a charge perturbation of the lowest energy absorption of one of the tryptophan (Trp) residues in bR. The transient absorption at 296 nm is examined for each of 8 tryptophan mutants in which Trp is substituted by phenylalanine or cysteine, which absorb at shorter wavelength. It is shown that while all go through the photocycle, all but Trp-182 mutant show this transient absorption. This strongly suggests the assignment of this absorption to a charge perturbaton of the lowest energy absorption of Trp-182 during the photocycle. The chemical identity of the perturbing charge(s) is briefly discussed. 相似文献
110.
中国吻额蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:皿蛛科:微蛛亚科) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文描述了作者1986年采自湖北省神农架林区的吻额蛛属Aprifrontalia一新种:膨大吻额蛛,新种Aprifrontalia afflata sp.nov.。目前,除本新种外,世界仅报道过1种:Aprifrontalia mascula,本新种雄蛛最显著的特征是:其额向前突呈吻状,触肢胫节前端甚膨大。外雌器形成一斜向下方的突起。模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。 相似文献