Alpha-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (insoluble) and lactic dehydrogenase activities in the skeletal muscles of two insects.

The flight muscle preparations of the dragonfly Pantala flavescens and the aquatic beetle Cybister confusus showed extremely low levels of lactic dehydrogenase activity and high levels of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (insoluble) activity. The activities of these two enzymes in the leg muscle of the beetle were approximately the same (1:1), but lactic dehydrogenase activity was several times higher than that in the flight muscles of both Insects. These results have been interpreted as indicating the high energy-yielding demands of the flight muscles during continuous sustained activity, while the leg muscles of the beetle which are involved in swimming activity derive their energy predominantly through anaerobic glycolysis.     

Endocrine cells of the mucous membrane of the fundus region of the stomach of hibernating rodents]

The gastric mucous membrane was studied in the hibernating animal Citellus erythrogenys in different seasons (during 7-8 months a year the animal is in hibernation and its digestive tract is not functioning). During hibernation the general amount of enterochromaffin-like cells decreases and their composition changes: the number of active cells diminishes and that of less active cells grows. Such dynamics of cells suggests the participation of enterochromaffin-like cells of Citellus erythrogenys in the regulation of gastric secretion (in rats and mice these cells contain histamine stimulating the mucous membrane glands). The amount of true enterochromaffin cells is not sufficiently changed and they seem to be not directly related with digestion but to be producers of serotonin which (together with serotonin of the brain) takes part in sustaining the mechanisms of appearance and supporting of winter hibernation.     

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BREAKDOWN OF 2:4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID BY A SOIL BACTERIUM

Bacterial growth rates and the kinetics of detoxication have been followed during the course of breakdown of 2:4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a liquid mineral salt medium by cultures of Bacterium globiforme isolated from garden soil. It was found that toxicity persisted apparently unchanged long after bacterial growth had ceased, and finally disappeared suddenly after a lag period comparable in duration with those obtained in soil perfusion experiments. These results can best be explained by the production of highly phytotoxic intermediates in the first stages of 2:4-D breakdown. Preliminary experiments involving paper partition chromatography indicate that there may be at least two such intermediates.     

Thrombocyte substitution in acute leukemia. Effect of histocompatibility on the clinical efficacy

Thrombocyte substitution is an essential prerequisite for intensive cytoreductive therapy in acute leukemia. Evaluating 228 thrombocyte transfusions in 17 patients shows that the clinical effectiveness of thrombocyte concentrates can be increased by making the coordination of HLA antigens of donor and receiver as good as possible. When measured in the corrected increment (CI) 24 hours after transfusion, the effectiveness of A3/B1 match preparations (CI = 7.0 +/- 1.6) is significantly higher than that of random preparations (CI = 3.0 +/- 0.5). With the presence of HLA antibodies an effective substitution (CI24 greater than or equal to 4.5) can only be achieved by A3/B1 match thrombocytes. This can only be realized by applying the fourfold thrombapheresis of single donors.     

Daphniopsis australis nov.sp. (Crustacea: Cladocera), a further daphniid in Australian salt lakes

Daphniopsis australis, a new species of cladoceran in Australian salt lakes, is described, and some brief comments on its distribution are given.     

Chemical composition of a preparation of the cell walls of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

The chemical characteristics of 6 batches of the preparation, obtained from the cell wall of C. diphtheriae grown in liquid and solid culture media, with respect to their content of nitrogen, hexoses, pentoses, total amino sugars, lipids and to the possible admixture of nucleic acids are presented. From the results of the chemical analysis of these batches their standardization according to the ratio of total amino sugars and pentoses to total nitrogen in C. diphtheriae cell-wall preparation is proposed.     

Action of alcohol in chronic emotional pain stress in rats

Male albino rats were exposed to daily emotional painful stress (EPS) for 4 weeks. The arterial blood pressure of the stressed animals increased and the dynamics of the heart rate changed after functional loading (hypokinesis during one or two hours) as compared with the control group. The increase of the heart weight and activation of cytochrome oxidase activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats exposed to EPS were also demonstrated. The use of 20% ethyl alcohol instead of drinking water during EPS partially prevented vegetative disturbances and activation of hippocampal cytochrome oxidase and fully prevented the heart hypertrophy and activation of the enzyme in the cortex. Alcoholization resulted in the increased weight of the spleen and brown adipose tissue and thymus involution. A possible mechanism of the antistress action of alcohol linked with normalization of intensified lipid peroxidation under stress is discussed.     

Stimulation induced recurrent epileptiform discharges block cortical and subcortical spreading depression in rats

Blockade of the spread depression [SD] in chemically or electrically stimulated areas of the cerebral cortex was analyzed in a series of experiments performed in 40 curarized, locally anaesthetised rats. Longlasting stimulation of the cerebral cortex (0.5 to 1.7 mA, 6 Hz, 0.1 ms) elicited recurrent episodes of enhanced evoked potentials propagating to remote cortical areas [Co], the caudate nucleus [Cd], the hippocampus [Hi] and the thalamus [Th] and was accompanied by marked slow potential shifts (4-6 mV amplitude, 2-3 min duration, at 2-5 min intervals]. The projected discharge interfered with SD initiation and propagation in all the examined structures. The SD blockade was most pronounced during the episodes and almost absent in the intervals between them. The block was manifested by reduced amplitude and duration of the slow potential of SD. Pentobarbital [20 mg/kg] suppressed the recurrent discharges and eliminated the corresponding SD blockade. Recurrent excitability changes induced by Cd and Th stimulation elicited similar effects but the threshold was higher in Cd and Th than in Co. SD was less effectively blocked by the projected discharge than by stimulation of the same structure, particularly in the vicinity of the recording electrodes, where the blockade could be observed even under pentobarbital. The SD blockade outlasted stimulation by a considerably longer period of time in Th (about 10 min) than in the Cd (about 3 min). The onset of stimulation and the projected episodes sometimes elicited SD waves but SD blockade prevailed with continued stimulation. The present findings support the hypothesis that excessive neural activity increases the potassium clearance and thus prevents the autoregenerative accumulation of potassium ions, mediating SD propagation.