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51.
52.
Differential scanning calorimetry of thermotropic phase transitions in vitaminylated lipids: aqueous dispersions of N-biotinyl phosphatidylethanolamines. 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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The thermotropic phase behavior of a homologous series of saturated diacyl phosphatidylethanolamines in which the headgroup is N-derivatized with biotin has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. In 1 M NaCl, derivatives with acyl chainlengths from C(12:0) to C(20:0) all exhibit sharp chain-melting phase transitions, which are reversible with a hysteresis of 1.5 degrees or less, except for the C(12:0) lipid which has a transition temperature below 0 degree C. The transition enthalpy and the transition entropy depend approximately linearly on the lipid chainlength, with incremental values per CH2 group that are very similar to those obtained for the corresponding underivatized phosphatidylethanolamines in aqueous dispersion. The chainlength-independent contribution to the transition enthalpy is significantly smaller than that for the underivatized phosphatidylethanolamines, and that for the transition entropy is much smaller; the latter suggesting that the N-biotinylated phosphatidylethanolamine headgroups are differently hydrated from those of the underivatized lipids. The gel-to-fluid phase transition temperatures of the N-biotinylated lipids are lower than those of the parent phosphatidylethanolamines, and their chainlength dependence conforms well with that predicted by assuming that the transition enthalpy and entropy are linearly dependent on chainlength. Although the chain-melting phase behavior is generally similar to that of the parent phosphatidylethanolamines, the gel phases (and the fluid phases in the case of chainlengths C(12:0) to C(16:0)) have a different lyotropic structure in the two cases, and this is reflected in the chainlength-independent contributions to the thermodynamic parameters. In the absence of salt, the thermotropic phase behavior of aqueous dispersions of the N-biotinyl phosphatidylethanolamines is considerably more complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
53.
The HLA class II sequences included in this compilation are taken from publications listed in the papers: Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1989, Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1990, and Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1991 (WHO Nomenclature Committee 1990, 1991, 1992). Where discrepancies have arisen between reported sequences, the original authors have been contacted where possible, and necessary amendments to published sequences have been incorporated into this alignment. Future sequencing may identify errors in this list, and we would welcome any evidence that helps to maintain the accuracy of this compilation. In the sequence alignments, identity between residues is indicated by a hyphen (-), an unavailable sequence is indicated by an asterisk (*), and gaps in the sequence are inserted to maintain the alignment between different alleles showing variation in amino acid number.
Correspondence to: S. G. E. Marsh. 相似文献
54.
Mechanical properties of vesicles. I. Coordinated analysis of osmotic swelling and lysis. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
To determine how transmembrane osmotic gradients perturb the structure and dynamics of biological membranes, we examined the effects of medium dilution on the structures of osmolyte-loaded lipid vesicles. Our preparations were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. Populations of Escherichia coli phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) vesicles prepared by the pH jump technique were variable and polymodal in size distribution. Complex and variable structural changes occurred when PE vesicles were diluted with hypotonic buffer. Such vesicles could not be used as model systems for the analysis of membrane mechanical properties. NaCl-loaded, DOPG vesicles prepared by extrusion through 100 nm (diameter) pores were reproducible and monomodal in size distribution and unilamellar, whereas those prepared by extrusion through 200-, 400-, or 600-nm pores were variable and polymodal in size distribution and/or multilamellar. Time and pressure regimes associated with osmotic lysis of extruded vesicles were defined by monitoring release of carboxyfluorescein, a self-quenching fluorescent dye. Corresponding effects of medium dilution on vesicle structure were assessed by DLS spectroscopy. These experiments and the accompanying analysis (Hallett, F.R., J. Marsh, B.G. Nickel, and J.M. Wood. 1993. Biophys. J. 64:000-000) revealed conditions under which vesicles are expected to reside in a consistently strained state. 相似文献
55.
Donatella Zona Peter M. Lafleur Koen Hufkens Beniamino Gioli Barbara Bailey George Burba Eugénie S. Euskirchen Jennifer D. Watts Kyle A. Arndt Mary Farina John S. Kimball Martin Heimann Mathias Göckede Martijn Pallandt Torben R. Christensen Mikhail Mastepanov Efrén López-Blanco Albertus J. Dolman Roisin Commane Charles E. Miller Josh Hashemi Lars Kutzbach David Holl Julia Boike Christian Wille Torsten Sachs Aram Kalhori Elyn R. Humphreys Oliver Sonnentag Gesa Meyer Gabriel H. Gosselin Philip Marsh Walter C. Oechel 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(5):1267-1281
Long-term atmospheric CO2 concentration records have suggested a reduction in the positive effect of warming on high-latitude carbon uptake since the 1990s. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the reduced net carbon sink of northern ecosystems with increased air temperature, including water stress on vegetation and increased respiration over recent decades. However, the lack of consistent long-term carbon flux and in situ soil moisture data has severely limited our ability to identify the mechanisms responsible for the recent reduced carbon sink strength. In this study, we used a record of nearly 100 site-years of eddy covariance data from 11 continuous permafrost tundra sites distributed across the circumpolar Arctic to test the temperature (expressed as growing degree days, GDD) responses of gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem respiration (ER) at different periods of the summer (early, peak, and late summer) including dominant tundra vegetation classes (graminoids and mosses, and shrubs). We further tested GPP, NEE, and ER relationships with soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit to identify potential moisture limitations on plant productivity and net carbon exchange. Our results show a decrease in GPP with rising GDD during the peak summer (July) for both vegetation classes, and a significant relationship between the peak summer GPP and soil moisture after statistically controlling for GDD in a partial correlation analysis. These results suggest that tundra ecosystems might not benefit from increased temperature as much as suggested by several terrestrial biosphere models, if decreased soil moisture limits the peak summer plant productivity, reducing the ability of these ecosystems to sequester carbon during the summer. 相似文献
56.
R.S. Percival P.D. Marsh S.J. Challacombe 《FEMS immunology and medical microbiology》1996,15(1):35-42
Abstract Pyelonephritis is the most common urinary tract infection affecting females of all age groups. Despite concerted efforts the mechanism of renal injury in pyelonephritis is not clearly understood. In the present study we have made an attempt to characterise the mediators of inflammatory insult in an experimental model of ascending pyelonephritis. Mice infected with Escherichia coli O6:K13:H1 were sacrificed at 2, 7 and 14 days post-infection. Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence response, NADPH oxidase, acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase and N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase activities were monitored in circulating as well as renal phagocytic cells in order to determine the role of reactive oxygen species and lysosomal enzymes in genesis of renal injury. We have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species are generated at the initiation of infection and the levels increase progressively during the course of infection. While intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes was seen in all groups, extracellular release was primarily observed at 7 and 14 days post-infection only. The results indicate that while reactive oxygen species play a significant role in tissue injury during all stages of infection, lysosomal enzyme release in extracellular milieu augments tissue destruction at later stages only. 相似文献
57.
Identification of a monooxygenase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) involved in biosynthesis of actinorhodin: purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme.
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The oxidation of phenols to quinones is an important reaction in the oxidative tailoring of many aromatic polyketides from bacterial and fungal systems. Sequence similarity between ActVA-Orf6 protein from the actinorhodin biosynthetic cluster and the previously characterized TcmH protein that is involved in tetracenomycin biosynthesis suggested that ActVA-Orf6 might catalyze this transformation as a step in actinorhodin biosynthesis. To investigate the role of ActVA-Orf6 in this oxidation, we have expressed the actVA-Orf6 gene in Escherichia coli and purified and characterized the recombinant protein. ActVA-Orf6 was shown to catalyze the monooxygenation of the tetracenomycin intermediate TcmF1 to TcmD3, strongly suggesting that it catalyzes oxidation of a similar intermediate in actinorhodin biosynthesis. The monooxygenase obeys simple reaction kinetics and has a Km of 4.8 +/- 0.9 microM, close to the figure reported for the homologous enzyme TcmH. The enzyme contains no prosthetic groups and requires only molecular oxygen to catalyze the oxidation. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the role of histidine residues thought to be important in the reaction; mutants lacking His-52 displayed much-reduced activity, consistent with the proposed mechanistic hypothesis that this histidine acts as a general base during catalysis. 相似文献
58.
OBJECTIVE--To study the feasibility of a practice nurse caring for patients with minor illnesses. DESIGN--Nurse given training in dealing with patients with minor illnesses. Patients requesting a same day appointment were offered a nurse consultation. SETTING--Group practice in Stockton on Tees. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Number of consultations which required a doctor contact, treatment, and rate of reconsultation. RESULTS--Of 696 consultations in six months, 602 (86%) required no doctor contact. 549 (79%) patients did not reconsult about the episode of illness, and 343 (50%) patients were given advice on self care only. CONCLUSION--Trained nurses could diagnose and treat a large proportion of patients currently consulting general practitioners about minor illness provided that the nurse has immediate access to a doctor. 相似文献
59.
M Marsh 《The Biochemical journal》1984,218(1):1-10
60.
The ESR spectra of six different positional isomers of a stearic acid and three of a phosphatidylcholine spin label have been studied as a function of temperature in chromaffin granule membranes from the bovine adrenal medulla, and in bilayers formed by aqueous dispersion of the extracted membrane lipids. Only minor differences were found between the spectra of the membranes and the extracted lipid, indicating that the major portion of the membrane lipid is organized in a bilayer arrangement which is relatively unperturbed by the presence of the membrane protein. The order parameter profile of the spin label lipid chain motion is less steep over the first half of the chain than over the section toward the terminal methyl end of the chain. This ‘stiffening’ effect is attributed to the high proportion of cholesterol in the membrane and becomes less marked as the temperature is raised. The isotropic hyperfine splitting factors of the various positional isomers display a profile of decreasing polarity as one penetrates further into the interior of the membrane. No marked differences are observed between the effective polarities in the intact membranes and in bilayers of the extracted membrane lipids. The previously observed temperature-induced structural change occurring in the membranes at approx. 35°C was found also in the extracted lipid bilayers, showing this to be a result of lipid-lipid interactions and not lipid-protein interactions in the membrane. A steroid spin label indicated a second temperature-dependent structural change occurring in the lipid bilayers at lower temperatures. This corresponds to the onset of a more rapid rotation about the long axis of the lipid molecules at a temperature of approx. 10°C. The lipid bilayer regions probed by the spin labels used in this study may be involved in the fusion of the chromaffin granule membrane leading to hormone release by exocytosis. 相似文献