The hypothalamo-choroidal tract

Summary Light and electron microscopic examination of choroid plexuses from lateral ventricles of water-deprived and subcutaneously or intravenously vasopressin administered rats reveal morphologic changes typical for vasopressin responsive fluid transporting epithelia during hormonal stimulation. Ultrastructural changes noted in both dehydrated and vasopressin treated animals included: the frequent occurrence of choroidal dark cells, dilatation of the lateral and basal intercellular spaces, increased vacuolization of the apical cytoplasm, and a change in microvillar conformation from the normal clavate type to those with a filiform shape. On the basis of the ultrastructural changes observed it is proposed that the choroid plexus be regarded as a target tissue for vasopressin. These findings indicated that a vasopressinmediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption capability exists.Supported by U.S.P.H.S. Grant HD-08867This work submitted as partial requirement for the Master of Science degree in the Department of Anatomy, Colorado State University     

Metabolic interlock between the acetolactate synthase isoenzymes and lysine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K-12

Summary Some of the strains containing mutations in the genes for the acetolactate synthase isoenzymes are temperature sensitive (ts). Suppression of the acetolactate synthase defect due to one of these mutations suppresses also the ts phenotype; moreover, a genetic cross shows that the two phenotypes cannot be dissociated.The ts phenotype is accompanied by a decreased efficiency of transduction with Pl phage. Observations at the light microscope show formation of abnormal cells. Under specific conditions diaminopimelate stimulates growth and restores normal transduction efficiency. The rate of diaminopimelate formed and excreted by non-growing cells decreases when an acetolactate synthase mutation is present.We give evidence that the ts phenotype is due to an increased formation of lysine from diaminopimelate; this causes a starvation for the latter and therefore cell wall abnormalities. In fact, even at the permissive temperature, the lysine pool is 8x increased in a strain with an acetolactate synthase defect, while a slight decrease in the diaminopimelate pool is observed. Moreover, introduction into a ts strain of a mutation in lysA (the gene coding for diaminopimelate decarboxylase) cures the ts phenotype. Finally among the temperature resistant revertants we found some lysine auxotrophs.     

Purification of rat liver monoamine oxidase by octyl glucoside extraction and reconstitution

Catalytically active isoenzymes of rat liver monoamine oxidase have been copurified from the outer mitochondrial membrane by a novel method involving repetitive solubilization with octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside followed by reconstitution into lipid vesicles. As analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, the purified enzyme migrates as a single band of protein of molecular weight 60,000. The preparation is capable of metabolizing 576 nmol serotonin and 777 nmol β-phenylethylamine/min/mg protein. Apparent K_m values and sensitivity to the inhibitor clorgyline are very similar for the purified and outer mitochondrial membrane-bound enzyme when determined with the substrates β-phenylethylamine, serotonin, and tyramine.     

Microbial Metal Tolerance in Bermuda Carbonate Sediments

The recovery of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from Bermuda carbonate sediments on metal-supplemented media varied as much as 44-fold over a 15-cm depth. Distributional relationships with sulfate-reducing bacteria and sediment character indicated that metal tolerance was a function of metal bioavailability.     

Genetics of microcystless mutants of polysphondylium pallidum

Mutants were selected that are incapable of differentiating microcysts, a resting stage formed in response to high osmotic conditions. In the selection procedure amebae that failed to encyst were removed by flotation in 46% Percoll. Genetic crosses among 15 mutant strains were made by means of the macrocyst sexual cycle. Eleven of the strains mapped to three loci. Mutations at two of these loci (cysA and cysB) produced no observable alteration in the aggregation-fruiting pathway, although one set of strains altered at the cysA locus carried defects at a second unlinked site which blocked aggregation. The single strain that defined the third locus (cysC) is aggregateless. These results confirm the conclusion that there are several genes whose function is essential to microcyst development and is exclusive to this pathway. It remains uncertain whether there are other genes whose action is crucial to both encystment and to aggregation/fruiting.     

Retinal illumination produces synaptic inhibition of a neurosecretory organ in the crayfish,pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana)

We have identified a cluster of neurosecretory cells in the crayfish eyestalk that possess dendrites in the second optic neuropil (Medulla) and project axons to the first optic neuropil (Lamina). Illumination of the ipsilateral retina produces a synaptic inhibition of these cells that is mimicked by iontophoresis of gamma-aminobutyric acid within the medullary neuropil. The neurosecretory nature of the cells, the efferent projection of their axons, and the strong inhibition of their spiking activity upon retinal illumination suggest that they may be involved in the feedback control of dark adaptation and/or circadian changes in visual sensitivity.     

Synthesis of type IV collagen and laminin in cultures of skeletal muscle cells and their assembly on the surface of myotubes

The synthesis of two components of the basal lamina, laminin and type IV collagen, and their extracellular deposition on the surface of myotubes was studied in cultures of embryonic mouse and quail skeletal muscle cells and in the rat myoblast cell line L6. Production of type IV collagen and laminin by myoblasts and muscle fibroblasts was demonstrated by incorporation of radioactive amino acids into proteins and by immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies and electrophoretic analysis of labeled proteins. Immunofluorescence staining experiments revealed strong intracellular reactions with antibodies to laminin and type IV collagen in mononucleated myogenic and fibrogenic cells. Cells of fibroblast-like morphology showed a more intense staining than bipolar, spindle-shaped cells which perhaps represented postmitotic myoblasts. Myotubes did not show detectable intracellular staining. The formation of a basal lamina on myotubes was indicated by the deposition of laminin and type IV collagen on the surface of myotubes as viewed by immunofluorescence examination of unfixed cells. Staining for extracellular laminin was stronger in mass cultures than in myogenic clones, suggesting that secretion and deposition of components of the basal lamina on the myotube surface are complex processes which may involve cooperation between myogenic and fibrogenic cells.     

L-Fucose Is a Potent Inhibitor of myo-Inositol Transport and Metabolism in Cultured Neuroblastoma Cells

It has been proposed that abnormal myo-inositol metabolism may be a factor in the development of diabetic complications. Studies with animal models of diabetes and cultured cells have suggested that hyperglycemia by an unknown mechanism may alter myo-inositol metabolism and content. Recently, we have shown that L-fucose, a 6-deoxy sugar whose content has been reported to be increased in diabetes, is a potent inhibitor of myo-inositol transport. To examine the effect of L-fucose on myo-inositol metabolism, neuroblastoma cells were cultured in medium supplemented with L-fucose. L-Fucose is a competitive inhibitor of Na(+)-dependent, high-affinity myo-inositol transport. The Ki for inhibition of myo-inositol transport by L-fucose is about 3 mM. L-Fucose is taken up and accumulates in neuroblastoma cells. The uptake of L-fucose is inhibited by Na+ depletion, D-glucose, glucose analogues, phloridzin, and cytochalasin B. In contrast, neither myo-inositol nor L-glucose inhibits L-fucose uptake. Chronic exposure of neuroblastoma cells to 1-30 mM L-fucose causes a decrease in myo-inositol accumulation and incorporation into inositol phospholipids, intracellular free myo-inositol content, and phosphatidylinositol levels. Na+,K(+)-ATPase transport activity is decreased by about 15% by acute or chronic exposure of neuroblastoma cells to L-fucose. Similar defects occur when neuroblastoma cells are exposed chronically to 30 mM glucose. Cell myo-inositol metabolism and Na+/K(+)-pump activity are maintained when 250 microM myo-inositol is added to the L-fucose-supplemented medium. Unlike the effect of chronic exposure of neuroblastoma cells to medium containing 30 mM glucose, the resting membrane potential of neuroblastoma cells is not altered by chronic exposure of the cells to 30 mM L-fucose. The effect of L-fucose on cultured neuroblastoma cell properties occurs at concentrations of L-fucose which may exist in the diabetic milieu. These data suggest that increased concentrations of L-fucose may have a role in myo-inositol-related defects in mammalian cells.     

Expression of anchorin CII, a collagen-binding protein of the annexin family, in the developing chick embryo.

Expression of anchorin CII, a collagen-binding protein of the annexin family, was followed in the developing chick embryo using Northern and in situ hybridization and Western blotting. During chick somite development, anchorin CII mRNA was detected by Northern blotting as early as stage 11. At stage 24, anchorin mRNA accumulated in the anterior part of the somite sclerotome near the resegmentation line, as shown by in situ hybridization. The presence of anchorin CII protein during stages 11 to 20 was confirmed by Western blotting. In situ hybridization identified anchorin CII also in the otic vesicle adjacent to the site of contact with the statoacoustic ganglion and in the mandibular mesenchyme. The level of anchorin CII mRNA in differentiated hyaline cartilage, exemplified by sternal cartilage, was lower than that in differentiating somites or cultured chondrocytes. These findings are consistent with our notion that anchorin CII may be involved in cell-matrix interactions preceding chondrogenic differentiation events in the chick embryo. A significant level of anchorin CII mRNA and protein synthesis was also found in cultured myoblasts, but less than that in chondroblasts. This distribution pattern is different from that reported for a related protein, p34, or calpactin, the major protein substrate for tyrosine kinase phosphorylation in chick chondrocytes and fibroblasts. The results confirm suggestions from previous sequencing studies that anchorin CII and p34 are different proteins of the annexin/calpactin family.     

Preliminary results from the self-regulatory treatment of high-medication-consumption headache

Data are presented from a prospective clinical replication series of ten consecutive high-medication headache patients who presented for nondrug treatment of their headaches. For the first eight, an attempt was made to withdraw the patients from medication, with the assistance of relaxation training, prior to entering a comprehensive self-regulatory treatment program. For the last two, drug withdrawal accompanied the treatment. Six of the ten patients showed clinically significant reductions in headache activity, which held up over follow-ups of up to 12 months. Psychological tests provide some discrimination between success and failures.This research was supported in part by a grant from NINDS, No. NS-23340. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Kenneth A. Appelbaum and Ms. Denise Michultka for their roles in this study.