Nucleophilic participation of reduced flavin coenzyme in mechanism of UDP-galactopyranose mutase

UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) requires reduced FAD (FAD(red)) to catalyze the reversible interconversion of UDP-galactopyranose (UDP-Galp) and UDP-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf). Recent structural and mechanistic studies of UGM have provided evidence for the existence of an FAD-Galf/p adduct as an intermediate in the catalytic cycle. These findings are consistent with Lewis acid/base chemistry involving nucleophilic attack by N5 of FAD(red) at C1 of UDP-Galf/p. In this study, we employed a variety of FAD analogues to characterize the role of FAD(red) in the UGM catalytic cycle using positional isotope exchange (PIX) and linear free energy relationship studies. PIX studies indicated that UGM reconstituted with 5-deaza-FAD(red) is unable to catalyze PIX of the bridging C1-OP(β) oxygen of UDP-Galp, suggesting a direct role for the FAD(red) N5 atom in this process. In addition, analysis of kinetic linear free energy relationships of k(cat) versus the nucleophilicity of N5 of FAD(red) gave a slope of ρ = -2.4 ± 0.4. Together, these findings are most consistent with a chemical mechanism for UGM involving an S(N)2-type displacement of UDP from UDP-Galf/p by N5 of FAD(red).     

A phylogeographic investigation of the kelp genus Laminaria (Laminariales,Phaeophyceae), with emphasis on the South Atlantic Ocean

The genus Laminaria has a wide distribution range compared with other kelp genera because it is found in both the North and the South Atlantic, on both sides of the North Pacific, as well as in the Mediterranean. Hypotheses behind this biogeographical pattern have been discussed by several authors but have not yet been fully evaluated with time‐calibrated phylogenies. Based on the analysis of four molecular markers (ITS2, rbcL, atp8 and trnWI), our goal was to reassess the Laminaria species diversity in South Africa, assess its relationship with the other species distributed in the South Atlantic and reconstruct the historical biogeography of the genus. Our results confirm the occurrence of a single species, L. pallida, in southern Africa, and its sister relationship with the North Atlantic L. ochroleuca. Both species belonged to a clade containing the other South Atlantic species: L. abyssalis from Brazil, and the Mediterranean L. rodriguezii. Our time‐calibrated phylogenies suggest that Laminaria originated in the northern Pacific around 25 mya, followed by at least two migration events through the Bering Strait after its opening (~5.32 mya). Today, the first is represented by L. solidungula in the Arctic, while the second gave rise to the rest of the Atlantic species. The colonization of the North Atlantic was followed by a gradual colonization southward along the west coast of Europe, into the Mediterranean (~2.07 mya) and two recent, but disconnected, migrations (~1.34 and 0.87 mya) across the equator, giving rise to L. abyssalis in Brazil and L. pallida in southern Africa, respectively.     

Effect of 60 degrees head-down tilt on peripheral gas mixing in the human lung.

The phase III slope of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in a single-breath washout (SBW) is greater than that of helium (He) under normal gravity (i.e., 1G), thus resulting in a positive SF6-He slope difference. In microgravity (microG), SF6-He slope difference is smaller because of a greater fall in the phase III slope of SF6 than He. We sought to determine whether increasing thoracic fluid volume using 60 degrees head-down tilt (HDT) in 1G would produce a similar effect to microG on phase III slopes of SF6 and He. Single-breath vital capacity (SBW) and multiple-breath washout (MBW) tests were performed before, during, and 60 min after 1 h of HDT. Compared with baseline (SF6 1.050 +/- 0.182%/l, He 0.670 +/- 0.172%/l), the SBW phase III slopes for both SF6 and He tended to decrease during HDT, reaching nadir at 30 min (SF6 0.609 +/- 0.211%/l, He 0.248 +/- 0.138%/l; P = 0.08 and P = 0.06, respectively). In contrast to microG, the magnitude of the phase III slope decrease was similar for both SF6 and He; therefore, no change in SF6-He slope difference was observed. MBW analysis revealed a decrease in normalized phase III slopes at all time points during HDT, for both SF6 (P < 0.01) and He (P < 0.01). This decrease was due to changes in the acinar, and not the conductive, component of the normalized phase III slope. These findings support the notion that changes in thoracic fluid volume alter ventilation distribution in the lung periphery but also demonstrate that the effect during HDT does not wholly mimic that observed in microG.     

Rhodanine derivatives as novel inhibitors of PDE4

The discovery, synthesis and in vitro activity of a novel series of rhodanine based phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors is described. Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward improving potency led to the development of submicromolar inhibitors 2n and 3i (IC(50)=0.89 & 0.74 microM). The replacement of rhodanine with structurally related heterocycles was also investigated and led to the synthesis of pseudothiohydantoin 7 (IC(50)=0.31 microM).     

AMPK regulates homeostasis of invasion and viability in trophoblasts by redirecting glucose metabolism: Implications for pre‐eclampsia

Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is deemed an ischemia‐induced metabolic disorder of the placenta due to defective invasion of trophoblasts during placentation; thus, the driving role of metabolism in PE pathogenesis is largely ignored. Since trophoblasts undergo substantial glycolysis, this study aimed to investigate its function and regulatory mechanism by AMPK in PE development. Metabolomics analysis of PE placentas was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Trophoblast‐specific AMPKα1‐deficient mouse placentas were generated to assess morphology. A mouse PE model was established by Reduced Uterine Perfusion Pressure, and placental AMPK was modulated by nanoparticle‐delivered A769662. Trophoblast glucose uptake was measured by 2‐NBDG and 2‐deoxy‐d‐[³H] glucose uptake assays. Cellular metabolism was investigated by the Seahorse assay and GC–MS.PE complicated trophoblasts are associated with AMPK hyperactivation due not to energy deficiency. Thereafter, AMPK activation during placentation exacerbated PE manifestations but alleviated cell death in the placenta. AMPK activation in trophoblasts contributed to GLUT3 translocation and subsequent glucose metabolism, which were redirected into gluconeogenesis, resulting in deposition of glycogen and accumulation of phosphoenolpyruvate; the latter enhanced viability but compromised trophoblast invasion. However, ablation of AMPK in the mouse placenta resulted in decreased glycogen deposition and structural malformation. These data reveal a novel homeostasis between invasiveness and viability in trophoblasts, which is mechanistically relevant for switching between the ‘go’ and ‘grow’ cellular programs.

Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is associated with trophoblast AMPK hyperactivation, presumably due to LKB1 phosphorylation, and glucose uptake is consequently increased via trafficking of GLUT3 from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Such translocation enhances glycolytic flux and redirects glucose metabolic intermediates into gluconeogenesis, resulting in PEP accumulation, which not only benefits cell survival but also suppresses invasion by repressing MMPs, and thus in turn modulates switching between the ‘go’ and ‘grow’ cellular programs.     

Hyperspectral computed tomographic imaging spectroscopy of vascular oxygen gradients in the rabbit retina in vivo

Diagnosis of retinal vascular diseases depends on ophthalmoscopic findings that most often occur after severe visual loss (as in vein occlusions) or chronic changes that are irreversible (as in diabetic retinopathy). Despite recent advances, diagnostic imaging currently reveals very little about the vascular function and local oxygen delivery. One potentially useful measure of vascular function is measurement of hemoglobin oxygen content. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel method of accurately, rapidly and easily measuring oxygen saturation within retinal vessels using in vivo imaging spectroscopy. This method uses a commercially available fundus camera coupled to two-dimensional diffracting optics that scatter the incident light onto a focal plane array in a calibrated pattern. Computed tomographic algorithms are used to reconstruct the diffracted spectral patterns into wavelength components of the original image. In this paper the spectral components of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin are analyzed from the vessels within the image. Up to 76 spectral measurements can be made in only a few milliseconds and used to quantify the oxygen saturation within the retinal vessels over a 10-15 degree field. The method described here can acquire 10-fold more spectral data in much less time than conventional oximetry systems (while utilizing the commonly accepted fundus camera platform). Application of this method to animal models of retinal vascular disease and clinical subjects will provide useful and novel information about retinal vascular disease and physiology.