The effect of silica-treated macrophages on the synthesis of collagen and other proteins in vitro

Treatment with SiO₂ releases from peritoneal macrophages a soluble factor which stimulates the synthesis of collagen and other proteins in incubated slices of experimental granulation tissue. This factor can also be obtained by SiO₂-treatment from certain subcellular particles of intact macrophages. A similar agent is released from the macrophages by incubation with rheumatoid synovialtissue extract. Macrophages induced by paraffin or thioglycollate medium cannot be stimulated further by SiO₂. The SiO₂-treated macrophages have no effect on detached matrix-free cells from embryonic-chick tendon or granulation tissue. Another factor from macrophages, present in the 100000 g-supernatant of the homogenate, inhibits the synthesis of collagen in granuloma slices. The synthesis of DNA and RNA in slices is suppressed by the extract from intact macrophages but not affected by preparations obtained with SiO₂. The possible relevance of these findings to lysosomal actions, to the regulation of granuloma formation and to inflammation are discussed.     

Enzymatic synthesis of cyclopeptine intermediates in Penicillium cyclopium

Cyclopeptine, a benzodiazepine alkaloid of Penicillium cyclopium, is formed from anthranilic acid, L-phenylalanine and the methyl group of L-methionine by cyclopeptine synthetase. The following partial activities of this enzyme system were determined in vitro: anthranilic acid and L-phenylalanine adenylyltransferase activity, binding of anthranilic acid and L-phenylalanine as thioesters to proteins, formation of thioester-bound N-methyl-L-phenylalanine and N-methyl-L-phenylalanylanthranilic acid. The obtained results indicate that cyclopeptine is formed via enzyme-bound intermediates by the thiotemplate mechanism of peptide biosynthesis.     

Convergent synthesis of neoglycopeptides by coupling of 2-bromoethyl glycosides to cysteine and homocysteine residues in T cell stimulating peptides

The 2-bromoethyl -glycosides of the disaccharide galabiose [Gal(1-4)Gal] and the trisaccharides globotriose [Gal(1-4)Gal(1-4)Glc] and 3-sialyllactose [Neu5Ac(2-3)Gal(1-4)Glc] have been prepared by improved routes. The 2-bromoethyl glycosides were then used in cesium carbonate promoted alkylations of the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine and homocysteine residues in T cell stimulating peptides. This convergent and general approach was used to prepare 16 neoglycopeptides which were obtained in 52–95% yields after purification by HPLC. 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that -elimination and epimerization of neoglycopeptide stereocentres did not occur during the synthesis.     

Hypothermia Protects and Prolongs the Tolerance Time of Retinal Ganglion Cells against Ischemia

Purpose

Hypothermia has been shown to be neuroprotective in the therapy of ischemic stroke in the brain. To date no studies exist on the level of the inner retina and it is unclear if hypothermia would prolong the ischemic tolerance time of retinal ganglion cells, which are decisive in many ischemic retinopathies.

Methods

Bovine eyes were enucleated and stored either at 21°C or 37°C for 100 or 340 minutes, respectively. Afterwards the globes were dissected, the retina was prepared and either the spontaneous ganglion cell responses were measured or the retina was incubated as an organotypic culture for additional 24 hours. After incubation the retina was either processed for histology (H&E and DAPI staining) or real-time PCR (Thy-1 expression) was performed.

Results

Hypothermia prolonged ganglion cell survival up to 340 minutes under ischemic conditions. In contrast to eyes kept at 37°C the eyes stored at 21°C still showed spontaneous ganglion cell spiking (56.8% versus 0%), a 5.8 fold higher Thy-1 mRNA expression (not significant, but a trend) and a preserved retinal structure after 340 minutes of ischemia.

Conclusion

Hypothermia protects retinal ganglion cells against ischemia and prolongs their ischemic tolerance time.     

Status and Power Do Not Modulate Automatic Imitation of Intransitive Hand Movements

The tendency to mimic the behaviour of others is affected by a variety of social factors, and it has been argued that such “mirroring” is often unconsciously deployed as a means of increasing affiliation during interpersonal interactions. However, the relationship between automatic motor imitation and status/power is currently unclear. This paper reports five experiments that investigated whether social status (Experiments 1, 2, and 3) or power (Experiments 4 and 5) had a moderating effect on automatic imitation (AI) in finger-movement tasks, using a series of different manipulations. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the social status of the observed person using an associative learning task. Experiment 3 manipulated social status via perceived competence at a simple computer game. Experiment 4 manipulated participants’ power (relative to the actors) in a card-choosing task. Finally, Experiment 5 primed participants using a writing task, to induce the sense of being powerful or powerless. No significant interactions were found between congruency and social status/power in any of the studies. Additionally, Bayesian hypothesis testing indicated that the null hypothesis should be favoured over the experimental hypothesis in all five studies. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for AI tasks, social effects on mimicry, and the hypothesis of mimicry as a strategic mechanism to promote affiliation.     

T1 Relaxation Time in Lungs of Asymptomatic Smokers

Purpose

Interest in using T₁ as a potential MRI biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has recently increased. Since tobacco smoking is the major risk factor for development of COPD, the aim for this study was to examine whether tobacco smoking, pack-years (PY), influenced T₁ of the lung parenchyma in asymptomatic current smokers.

Materials and Methods

Lung T₁ measurements from 35 subjects, 23 never smokers and 12 current smokers were retrospectively analyzed from an institutional review board approved study. All 35 subjects underwent pulmonary function test (PFT) measurements and lung T_1, with similar T₁ measurement protocols. A backward linear model of T₁ as a function of FEV₁, FVC, weight, height, age and PY was tested.

Results

A significant correlation between lung T₁ and PY was found with a negative slope of -3.2 ms/year (95% confidence interval [CI] [-5.8, -0.6], p = 0.02), when adjusted for age and height. Lung T₁ shortens with ageing among all subjects, -4.0 ms/year (95%CI [-6.3, -1.7], p = 0.001), and among the never smokers, -3.7 ms/year (95%CI [-6.0, -1.3], p = 0.003).

Conclusions

A correlation between lung T₁ and PY when adjusted for both age and height was found, and T₁ of the lung shortens with ageing. Accordingly, PY and age can be significant confounding factors when T₁ is used as a biomarker in lung MRI studies that must be taken into account to detect underlying patterns of disease.     

Infants' Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Composition Reflects Both Maternal and Post-Natal Infection with Plasmodium falciparum

Maternal parasitoses modulate fetal immune development, manifesting as altered cellular immunological activity in cord blood that may be linked to enhanced susceptibility to infections in early life. Plasmodium falciparum typifies such infections, with distinct placental infection-related changes in cord blood exemplified by expanded populations of parasite antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Here we addressed whether such early-onset cellular immunological alterations persist through infancy. Specifically, in order to assess the potential impacts of P. falciparum infections either during pregnancy or during infancy, we quantified lymphocyte subsets in cord blood and in infants'' peripheral blood during the first year of life. The principal age-related changes observed, independent of infection status, concerned decreases in the frequencies of CD4⁺, NK^dim and NKT cells, whilst CD8⁺, Treg and Teff cells'' frequencies increased from birth to 12 months of age. P. falciparum infections present at delivery, but not those earlier in gestation, were associated with increased frequencies of Treg and CD8⁺ T cells but fewer CD4⁺ and NKT cells during infancy, thus accentuating the observed age-related patterns. Overall, P. falciparum infections arising during infancy were associated with a reversal of the trends associated with maternal infection i.e. with more CD4⁺ cells, with fewer Treg and CD8⁺ cells. We conclude that maternal P. falciparum infection at delivery has significant and, in some cases, year-long effects on the composition of infants'' peripheral blood lymphocyte populations. Those effects are superimposed on separate and independent age- as well as infant infection-related alterations that, respectively, either match or run counter to them.     

Is Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a Community Sample the Optimal Way to Assess Mental Health Functioning?

An important characteristic of a screening tool is its discriminant ability or the measure’s accuracy to distinguish between those with and without mental health problems. The current study examined the inter-rater agreement and screening concordance of the parent and teacher versions of SDQ at scale, subscale and item-levels, with the view of identifying the items that have the most informant discrepancies; and determining whether the concordance between parent and teacher reports on some items has the potential to influence decision making. Cross-sectional data from parent and teacher reports of the mental health functioning of a community sample of 299 students with and without disabilities from 75 different primary schools in Perth, Western Australia were analysed. The study found that: a) Intraclass correlations between parent and teacher ratings of children’s mental health using the SDQ at person level was fair on individual child level; b) The SDQ only demonstrated clinical utility when there was agreement between teacher and parent reports using the possible or 90% dichotomisation system; and c) Three individual items had positive likelihood ratio scores indicating clinical utility. Of note was the finding that the negative likelihood ratio or likelihood of disregarding the absence of a condition when both parents and teachers rate the item as absent was not significant. Taken together, these findings suggest that the SDQ is not optimised for use in community samples and that further psychometric evaluation of the SDQ in this context is clearly warranted.     

Mit dem integrierten pflanzenschutz ins neue jahrtausend*

Mit dem integrierten Pflanzenschutz steht zu Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends eine Strategie zur Verfügung, die einer modernen, wettbewerbsfähigen Landwirtschaft eine nachhaltige und ökologisch fundierte Entwicklung sichert. Die Absicht, die biologische Bekämpfung in landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzenbeständen als Alternative zum chemischen Pflanzenschutz zu etablieren, hat sich als Fehlorientierung erwiesen. Gezielten, d.h. auf Basis wissenschaftlich fundierter Schad‐ oder Bekämpfungsschwellen beruhenden chemischen Maßnahmen gegen Schädlinge, Krankheitserreger und Unkräuter kommt auch zukünftig eine überragende Bedeutung zu. Im Vorfeld des chemischen Pflanzenschutzes verdienen acker‐ und pflanzenbauliche Kulturmaßnahmen und die Resistenzzüchtung besondere Beachtung. Letztere dürfte durch die Nutzung der modernen Gentechnik und Biotechnologie völlig neuartige Impulse erhalten, zu überraschenden Lösungen bei der Schaderregerbekämpfung führen und somit auch den Umfang des chemischen Pflanzenschutzes reduzieren helfen.

Die unverzichtbare Integration ökologischer Belange in den landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenschutz muss mit Sachkunde, Realitätsnähe und auf der Grundlage wissenschaftlich fundierter Ergebnisse und Aussagen erfolgen. Wichtig ist vor allem die exakte Kenntnis der aktuellen ökologischen Situation, um Fehlinterpretationen zu vermeiden und Wunschdenken und spekulativen Aussagen den Nährboden zu entziehen.

In der ökologischen Forschung stehen seit Jahrzehnten die epigäischen Raubarthro‐poden, namentlich Webspinnen (Araneae), Laufkäfer (Carabidae) und Kurzflügelkäfer (Staphylinidae), im Mittelpunkt des Interesses, da sie wertvolle Bioindikatoren für Diversität, Stabilität und Belastbarkeit auch von Agrarökosystemen darstellen.

Vergleichende ökologische Studien auf großen Winterweizenflächen in einer “ausgeräumten”;, strukturarmen Agrarlandschaft in Sachsen‐Anhalt (Raum Halle/Saale) und auf einem kleinen Winterweizenfeld in einer reich strukturierten Feldflur in Niedersachsen (Raum Braunschweig) belegen eindrucksvoll, dass bei Beachtung der Normen des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes auf großen Schlägen keine ökologischen Defizite eintreten. Bei Webspinnen und Laufkäfern konnte in den großen Beständen sogar eine signifikant höhere Artendichte gegenüber der kleinen Fläche registriert werden.

Ergebnisse über den Einfiuss chemischer Maßnahmen auf die epigäische Fauna liegen von zwei großen Kulturflächen in Obhausen und Peißen (beide Sachsen‐Anhalt) für eine fünfjährige Fruchtfolge vor. Von den sechs Großparzellen (72 m x 200 m) auf jedem Feld dienten zwei als Kontrolle (ohne chemischen Pflanzenschutz), auf zwei Teilstücken gelangten chemische Pflanzenschutzmittel nach dem Schadschwellenkonzept zur Anwendung (integrierter Pflanzenschutz) und auf zwei weiteren Parzellen wurde ein intensiver Einsatz chemischer Mittel praktiziert. Insgesamt konnten etwa 350 000 Arthropoden gefangen und zumeist auch determiniert werden. Die Arten‐ und Individuendichten der Webspinnen, Laufkäfer und Kurzflügler erreichten während der Untersuchungszeit durchgängig hohe Werte, wobei zwischen den Varianten “Kontrolle”; und “integrierter Pflanzenschutz”; kaum Unterschiede auszumachen waren. Selbst im Versuchsglied “intensiver Pflanzenschutz”; erwiesen sich die gelegentlichen Defizite in den Arten‐ und Individuenspektren keineswegs als gravierend, sondern stets als kurzzeitige Effekte. Zum Versuchsende ergaben sich für alle Parzellen nahezu identische Werte für die Entomofauna.

Beachtung verdient auch die Tatsache, dass auf den Parzellen ein Drittel aller für Sachsen‐Anhalt bekannten Webspinnen gefunden wurde (158 Spezies). Gleichermaßen bedeutsam ist der Nachweis von zahlreichen “Rote‐Liste‐Arten”; an Webspinnen und Laufkäfern sowie der Wiederfund einer Webspinne, die in Deutschland als ausgestorben gilt (Nurscia albomaculata Lucas). “Ökologische Reparaturleistungen”; in Gestalt einer Anlage von Saumbiotopen, Hecken, Ackerrandstreifen usw. sind demnach nicht vonnöten. Der Landwirtschaft und dem chemischen Pflanzenschutz einen Verlust oder zumindest einen Rückgang der biologischen Diversität anzulasten, entbehrt angesichts der vorgelegten Fakten und Zahlen jeglicher Grundlage. Auch ein Vergleich der ökologischen Gegebenheiten in den Agrargebieten Mitteldeutschlands in den 50er und 90er Jahren lieferte für spekulative Annahmen keine Anhaltspunkte und Argumente. Es muss vielmehr angenommen werden, dass über das gesamte vergangene Jahrhundert hinweg die Agrarökosysteme mit ihrem Arteninventar, trotz aller Wandlungen in der Landwirtschaft und im Pflanzenschutz, stabil geblieben sind.