AIDS and the general practitioner: views of patients with HIV infection and AIDS.

An unselected series of outpatients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who attended two London hospitals were interviewed to assess their relationship with their general practitioner. Although most of the 192 patients were registered with a general practitioner, the doctors of only one half knew of the diagnosis. Patients feared a negative reaction from their general practitioner or were concerned about confidentiality. Although those who had told their doctor had received favourable reactions, few general practitioners attempted to counsel or educate their patients. The patients who previously had been open about their homosexuality were not more likely to have told their general practitioner of their HIV infection. Although most did not think that general practitioners were well informed about AIDS, half of the patients wished that general practitioners could take a bigger part in their care.     

Integration of a barcode reader with a commercial flow cytometer.

This report describes the application and installation of a barcode reader on a standard EPICS Elite flow cytometer. The barcode reader system eliminates keyboard entry of sample information on the cytometer. The system automates the transfer of sample information already present in our laboratory database to the cytometer at run time. The system uses a standard "off-the-shelf" bar code wand with a personal computer keyboard interface and requires no additional software at run time. No typing of sample information is required by the operator at any stage of normal sample operation at the cytometer. All operations are automatically coded into the cytometry software using the macro functions of the software. Tubes are inserted into the tube reader and sample information is transferred automatically into the cytometer. We have found that the system allows rapid and continuous operation of routine clinical and research samples. This automated data entry also reduces the possibility of data input errors.     

Lake Erie water snakes revisited: Morph- and age-specific variation in relative crypsis

Summary Populations of water snakes (Nerodia sipedon insularum) on islands in western Lake Erie are variable in colour pattern, consisting of unbanded, intermediate, and banded morphs. In contrast, mainland populations (N. s. sipedon) consist solely of banded morphs. Previous investigators hypothesized that natural selection favoured unbanded morphs on exposed island shorelines and banded morphs in overgrown mainland habitats and that gene flow from mainland populations was responsible for the persistence of banded morphs on islands. To clarify the potential role of natural selection, I quantified relative crypsis among morphs and age classes of water snakes by comparing the size of patches making up their colour patterns with the size of patches in island and mainland backgrounds. This analysis reveals that if unbanded morphs are more cryptic than intermediate and banded morphs on islands, it is only in the young-of-the-year age class. For older snakes on islands and for all snakes on the mainland, unbanded morphs are consistently less cryptic than intermediate and banded morphs. Given these results, the net direction of selection in island populations should depend on the intensity of predation on different age classes of snakes. Overall, selection may favour unbanded morphs (e.g. if predation occurs primarily on young-of-the-year), intermediate and banded morphs (e.g. if predation occurs primarily on older snakes), or be weak or absent (e.g. certain combinations of predation on young-of-the-year and older snakes). Using estimates of relative crypsis to guide reanalysis of morph frequency data, I find support for the hypothesis that unbanded morphs are favoured by natural selection in island populations.     

An auxin-auxotrophic mutant of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia

Summary Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) is considered to be an important signalling molecule in the regulation of plant growth and development but neither auxin synthesis nor its mode of action is clearly understood. To identify genes involved in these processes, mutations were sought that altered the auxin requirement of plant tissues for growth. For the first time mutant plants were obtained that carry a recessive mutation at a single nuclear locus (auxl) which results in an absolute requirement for exogenous auxin for normal growth. In the absence of auxin treatment, mutant plants undergo premature senescence and die.Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - BUdR 5-bromodeoxyuridine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - FUdR 5-fluorodeoxyuridine - IAA-EE indole-3-acetic acid ethyl ester - IMS indole-3-methanesulfonic acid     

Oestrogen receptor gene structure and function in breast cancer

The mechanisms underlying loss of oestrogen responsiveness in breast cancer are not well-defined. Potential mechanisms include loss of receptor expression, alterations in the oestrogen receptor (ER) gene producing proteins with abnormal function, or changes to receptor-dependent or -independent pathways controlling cell proliferation. Examination by Southern analysis of the ER gene in a series of ER-negative and -positive breast tumour biopsies failed to provide evidence of gross rearrangements and in only only one of thirty seven tumour DNA samples was significant gene amplification observed. No restriction fragment length polymorphisms were detected for the restriction enzymes EcoRI, Pst I or Hind III. Methylation of the ER gene as assessed by Hpa II and Msp I restriction enzyme digests varied between tumours but the degree of methylation was not correlated with levels of expression of the receptor protein. Similar findings applied in a series of ER-negative and -positive breast cancer cell lines and clonal lines of MCF-7 cells, which were developed as an in vitro model for the acquisition of oestrogen and antioestrogen resistance. In this model there was no evidence that changes to ER receptor function and/or structure at the level of the ER gene, mRNA, ligand binding, and ability to induce progesterone receptor might account for the development of hormone resistance. However, the ability of ER to interact with a DNA sequence containing the vitellogenin promoter oestrogen response element, as assessed by gel retardation assay, was impaired in the clone showing the greatest degree of oestrogen and antioestrogen resistance.