全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6163篇 |
免费 | 441篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
6610篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 44篇 |
2022年 | 110篇 |
2021年 | 181篇 |
2020年 | 103篇 |
2019年 | 116篇 |
2018年 | 183篇 |
2017年 | 136篇 |
2016年 | 223篇 |
2015年 | 307篇 |
2014年 | 322篇 |
2013年 | 437篇 |
2012年 | 522篇 |
2011年 | 526篇 |
2010年 | 312篇 |
2009年 | 288篇 |
2008年 | 369篇 |
2007年 | 411篇 |
2006年 | 350篇 |
2005年 | 330篇 |
2004年 | 269篇 |
2003年 | 258篇 |
2002年 | 239篇 |
2001年 | 48篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 39篇 |
1998年 | 47篇 |
1997年 | 55篇 |
1996年 | 28篇 |
1995年 | 36篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 34篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 16篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 21篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1960年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有6610条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Patrícia Branco António Candeias Ana Teresa Caldeira Marina González-Pérez 《Microbial biotechnology》2019,12(6):1237-1248
Dekkera bruxellensis is the main reason for spoilage in the wine industry. It renders the products unacceptable leading to large economic losses. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique has the potential for allowing its specific detection. Nevertheless, some experimental difficulties can be encountered when FISH technique is applied in the wine environment (e.g. matrix and cells’ autofluorescence, fluorophore inadequate selection and probes’ low specificity to the target organisms). An easy and fast in-suspension RNA-FISH procedure was applied for the first time for identifying D. bruxellensis in wine. A previously designed RNA-FISH probe to detect D. bruxellensis (26S D. brux.5.1) was used, and the matrix and cells’ fluorescence interferences, the influence of three fluorophores in FISH performance and the probe specificity were evaluated. The results revealed that to apply RNA-FISH technique in the wine environment, a red-emitting fluorophore should be used. Good probe performance and specificity were achieved with 25% of formamide. The resulting RNA-FISH protocol was applied in wine samples artificially inoculated with D. bruxellensis. This spoilage microorganism was detected in wine at cell densities lower than those associated with phenolic off-flavours. Thus, the RNA-FISH procedure described in this work represents an advancement to facilitate early detection of the most dangerous wine spoilage yeast and, consequently, to reduce the economic losses caused by this yeast to the wine industry. 相似文献
82.
Sensory cues in the environment can predict the availability of reward. Through experience, humans and animals learn these predictions and use them to guide their actions. For example, we can learn to discriminate chanterelles from ordinary champignons through experience. Assuming the development of a taste for the complex and lingering flavors of chanterelles, we therefore learn to value the same action--picking mushrooms--differentially depending upon the appearance of a mushroom. One major goal of cognitive neuroscience is to understand the neural mechanisms that underlie this sort of learning. Because the acquisition of rewards motivates much behavior, recent efforts have focused on describing the neural signals related to learning the value of stimuli and actions. Neurons in the basal ganglia, in midbrain dopamine areas, in frontal and parietal cortices and in other brain areas, all modulate their activity in relation to aspects of learning. By training monkeys on various behavioral tasks, recent studies have begun to characterize how neural signals represent distinct processes, such as the timing of events, motivation, absolute (objective) and relative (subjective) valuation, and the formation of associative links between stimuli and potential actions. In addition, a number of studies have either further characterized dopamine signals or sought to determine how such signaling might interact with target structures, such as the striatum and rhinal cortex, to underlie learning. 相似文献
83.
Bibikova M Barnes B Tsan C Ho V Klotzle B Le JM Delano D Zhang L Schroth GP Gunderson KL Fan JB Shen R 《Genomics》2011,98(4):288-295
We have developed a new generation of genome-wide DNA methylation BeadChip which allows high-throughput methylation profiling of the human genome. The new high density BeadChip can assay over 480K CpG sites and analyze twelve samples in parallel. The innovative content includes coverage of 99% of RefSeq genes with multiple probes per gene, 96% of CpG islands from the UCSC database, CpG island shores and additional content selected from whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data and input from DNA methylation experts. The well-characterized Infinium® Assay is used for analysis of CpG methylation using bisulfite-converted genomic DNA. We applied this technology to analyze DNA methylation in normal and tumor DNA samples and compared results with whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data obtained for the same samples. Highly comparable DNA methylation profiles were generated by the array and sequencing methods (average R2 of 0.95). The ability to determine genome-wide methylation patterns will rapidly advance methylation research. 相似文献
84.
The ability of strain Rhodococcus opacus 1CP to utilize 3-hydroxybenzoate (3-HBA) and gentisate in concentrations up to 600 and 700 mg/L, respectively, as sole carbon and energy sources in liquid mineral media was demonstrated. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisate) was identified as the key intermediate of 3-hydroxybenzoate transformation. In the cell-free extracts of the strain grown on 3-HBA or gentisate, the activities of 3-hydroxybenzoate 6-hydroxylase, gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, and maleylpyruvate isomerase were detected. During growth on 3-HBA, low activity of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase was detected. Based on the data obtained, the pathway of 3-HBA metabolism by strain R. opacus 1CP was proposed. 相似文献
85.
Antoncić I Dunatov S Bralić M Perković O Coklo M Jurjević A 《Collegium antropologicum》2011,35(2):483-486
Intravenous (i.v.) thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only available pharmacological therapy to improve the outcome of acute ischemic stroke. We compared 71 patients presenting with ischaemic stroke and given intravenous rt-PA (0.9 mg/kg total dose) within 3 h with 71 patients who present to the hospital more than 3 hours after stroke symptom onset. The primary endpoint was the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days, dichotomised for favourable and unfavourable (score 2-6). Outcome measures were symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage within 36 h (haemorrhage associated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] > or = 4 points deterioration), and mortality at 3 months. More patients had favourable outcome with the rt-PA-treated group than with the control group (64.79% vs. 22.54%; p = 0.0001). The greater proportion of patients left with minimal or no deficit 90 days after rt-PA treatment, as compared with the control group. In the treated group symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient who recovered to a level of functional independence, and asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was observed in 2 patients. Our experience of an acute stroke thrombolysis service shows that we are able to provide this treatment safely and in accordance with established treatment guidelines. We recommend thrombolytic treatment in acute ischemic stroke for selected population. 相似文献
86.
Rui Faria Pragya Chaube Hernn E. Morales Tomas Larsson Alan R. Lemmon Emily M. Lemmon Marina Rafajlovi Marina Panova Mark Ravinet Kerstin Johannesson Anja M. Westram Roger K. Butlin 《Molecular ecology》2019,28(6):1375-1393
Both classical and recent studies suggest that chromosomal inversion polymorphisms are important in adaptation and speciation. However, biases in discovery and reporting of inversions make it difficult to assess their prevalence and biological importance. Here, we use an approach based on linkage disequilibrium among markers genotyped for samples collected across a transect between contrasting habitats to detect chromosomal rearrangements de novo. We report 17 polymorphic rearrangements in a single locality for the coastal marine snail, Littorina saxatilis. Patterns of diversity in the field and of recombination in controlled crosses provide strong evidence that at least the majority of these rearrangements are inversions. Most show clinal changes in frequency between habitats, suggestive of divergent selection, but only one appears to be fixed for different arrangements in the two habitats. Consistent with widespread evidence for balancing selection on inversion polymorphisms, we argue that a combination of heterosis and divergent selection can explain the observed patterns and should be considered in other systems spanning environmental gradients. 相似文献
87.
Marina Giorato Anna Bordin Carla Gemignani Franca Turatello Guido Marcer 《Aerobiologia》2003,19(2):129-131
During recent years a gradual decrease inallergenic airborne pollen concentration hasbeen observed in the monitoring station ofPadua (Italy). Because technical checks of thesampler were not able to explain this trend,the results obtained from two twinpollen-samplers (Lanzoni VPPS 2000), placed twometres apart, were compared.An eight-week sampling was carried out duringthe year 2000 from July to September.Subsequent analysis revealed no statisticallysignificant difference between the dataobtained with the two instruments. On the otherhand, both samplers captured high levels offungal spores. We conclude that the observednegative trend in pollen count is real and notrelated to technical biases. 相似文献
88.
89.
Marina Aboal María Eugenia García-Fernández Mónica Roldán Brian A. Whitton 《欧洲藻类学杂志》2014,49(1):83-96
The ecology of Chroothece was studied in the highly calcareous Río Chícamo, south-east Spain, in order to explain its success there, but rarity elsewhere. The river, which originates mainly from an underground aquifer, has water with high conductivity, sulphate and nitrate but low phosphate concentrations, the latter mainly organic. Chroothece occurs in mats and in lobed colonies reaching 4 cm in the broadest dimension. The colony surface consists of one layer of cells, each of which is attached to a stalk, which dichotomizes when the cell divides; stalks often extend to the colony base. The central region of many mat cells and almost all colony cells has a yellow to orange-brown colour, associated with the numerous lipid droplets densely covering the surface of the pyrenoid and arms of the star-shaped chloroplast. Field material and laboratory isolates indicate that stalk formation occurs under moderate P limitation and both stalks and cell sheath show high phosphatase activities. This also occurred in a culture collection strain maintained for 30 years in a very P-rich medium, but then transferred to a moderately P-limiting medium (c. 0.9 mg l?1). We suggest that colony formation is initiated by aggregation of motile cells following P pulses in the water. Comparisons are made with Rivularia, a competitor in this nitrate-rich river, in spite of being a N2-fixer. One difference is that Chroothece cells lie at the periphery of the colonies and are therefore exposed to maximum sunlight, whereas Rivularia trichomes grow inside colonies with photoprotection by scytonemin. However, the ability to withstand heavy grazing pressure may be an especially important factor favouring Rivularia here. 相似文献
90.
Mary Henry Noêmi GalAn Katherine Teasdale Renata Prado Harpreet Amar Marina S. Rays Lesley Roberts Pedro Siqueira Gilles de Wildt Marcos Virmond Pranab K. Das 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2016,10(3)
BackgroundLeprosy is a leading cause of preventable disability worldwide. Delay in diagnosis of patients augments the transmission of infection, and allows progression of disease and more severe disability. Delays in diagnosis greater than ten years have been reported in Brazil. To reduce this delay, it is important to identify factors that hinder patients from presenting to doctors, and those that delay doctors from diagnosing patients once they have presented. This study aimed to explore factors associated with the delayed diagnosis of leprosy in Brazil.