Organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of morphotypes of Gracilaria (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta) from Chile

The extreme phenotypic variability recognized among the species of Gracilaria has highlighted the need for the application of refined methods to help solve taxa identifications. In Chile, there still exists uncertainty about the exact number of Gracilaria species. Our investigations are centered on DNA analyses of morphotypes collected from different geographical locations, namely Lenga and Isla Santa María, Region VIII (36°00 S to 38°00 S), and Maullín, Region X (39°30 S to 43°40 S). These two regions of Chile are considered as areas of confluence of G. chilensis, G. verrucosa, and a species of Gracilariopsis. In this study four morphotypes, from a natural bed located in Maullín, were analyzed for RFLP of plastid DNA and the results compared with data of four morphotypes from a bed in Lenga. The DNA banding patterns from each enzyme digest were identical irrespective of morphotypes and/or locations. In an attempt to unravel the nature of the morphological differences found among Lenga and Maullín morphotypes, RAPD analyses of nuclear DNA were also performed; however, no polymorphism has been found yet. Therefore, the data of this study, as well as concurrent data from preliminary interfertility tests, suggest that all morphotypes belong to a single taxon, Gracilaria chilensis.Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas     

Thermal biology and locomotor performance of the Andean lizard Liolaemus fitzgeraldi (Liolaemidae) in Argentina

Ectotherms thermoregulate to maintain their body temperature within the optimal range needed for performing vital functions. The effect of climate change on lizards has been studied as regards the sensitivity of locomotor performance to environmental temperatures. We studied thermoregulatory efficiency and locomotor performance for Liolaemus fitzgeraldi in the Central Andes of Argentina. We determined body temperature, micro-environmental temperatures and operative temperatures in the field. In the laboratory, we measured preferred temperatures and calculated the index of thermoregulatory efficiency. We estimated the thermal sensitivity of locomotion by measuring sprint speed (initial velocity and long sprint) and endurance at five different body temperatures. Body temperature was not associated with either micro-environmental temperature, nor did it show differences with preferred temperatures. Thermoregulatory efficiency was moderate (0.61). Initial velocity and long sprint trials showed differences at different temperatures; however, endurance did not. Moreover, the optimal temperatures for the performance trials showed no significant differences among themselves. We conclude that Liolaemus fitzgeraldi has thermal sensitivity in locomotor performance with respect to body temperature and that it is an eurythermic lizard that experiences a large variation in body temperature and that has thermal flexibility in the cold.     

Culture and growth of Lessonia trabeculata (Phaeophyta,Laminariales) juvenile sporophytes in La Herradura de Guayacan Bay,northern Chile

Lessonia trabeculata is one of the major kelps found along the northern coast of Chile. In addition to its ecological and economic importance, L. trabeculata may be severely affected by environmental disturbances such as El Níño, which during 1982–1983 cleared wide areas along the coast of Peru and Chile. The main goal of this work was to mass culture L. trabeculata and to observe the growth of sporophytes obtained in the laboratory and cultured in the sea. Juvenile sporophytes obtained in the laboratory were attached between 1 and 6 m in depth. The linear growth rate, as blade elongation, was recorded weekly for seven months. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in sporophyte blade linear growth at different depths. The best elongation growth rate was 7.5 ± 1.6 mm d^–1 at 3 m during March. This preliminary work suggests that L. trabeculata follows an annual growth cycle similar to that of other Laminariales with a high rate of blade elongation during the summer and decreasing towards autumn. This species can be considered a potential candidate for aquaculture to increase the availability of raw material and aid in repopulation of overexploited areas.     

Redox state of low-molecular-weight thiols and disulphides during somatic embryogenesis of salt-treated suspension cultures of Dactylis glomerata L

The tripeptide antioxidant γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, or glutathione (GSH), serves a central role in ROS scavenging and oxidative signalling. Here, GSH, glutathione disulphide (GSSG), and other low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols and their corresponding disulphides were studied in embryogenic suspension cultures of Dactylis glomerata L. subjected to moderate (0.085 M NaCl) or severe (0.17 M NaCl) salt stress. Total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) concentrations and redox state were associated with growth and development in control cultures and in moderately salt-stressed cultures and were affected by severe salt stress. The redox state of the cystine (CySS)/2 cysteine (Cys) redox couple was also affected by developmental stage and salt stress. The glutathione half-cell reduction potential (E(GSSG/2 GSH)) increased with the duration of culturing and peaked when somatic embryos were formed, as did the half-cell reduction potential of the CySS/2 Cys redox couple (E(CySS/2 Cys)). The most noticeable relationship between cellular redox state and developmental state was found when all LMW thiols and disulphides present were mathematically combined into a 'thiol-disulphide redox environment' (E(thiol-disulphide)), whereby reducing conditions accompanied proliferation, resulting in the formation of pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs), and oxidizing conditions accompanied differentiation, resulting in the formation of somatic embryos. The comparatively high contribution of E(CySS/2 Cys) to E(thiol-disulphide) in cultures exposed to severe salt stress suggests that Cys and CySS may be important intracellular redox regulators with a potential role in stress signalling.     

Humanin inhibits apoptosis in pituitary tumor cells through several signaling pathways including NF-κB activation

Humanin (HN) and Rattin (HNr), its homologous in the rat, are peptides with cytoprotective action in several cell types such as neurons, lymphocytes and testicular germ cells. Previously, we have shown that HNr is expressed in pituitary cells and that HN inhibited the apoptotic effect of TNF-α in both normal and tumor pituitary cells. The aim of the present study was to identify signaling pathways that mediate the antiapoptotic effect of HN in anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized rats and in GH3 cells, a somatolactotrope cell line. We assessed the role of STAT3, JNK, Akt and MAPKs as well as proteins of the Bcl-2 family, previously implicated in the antiapoptotic effect of HN. We also evaluated the participation of NF-κB in the antiapoptotic action of HN. STAT3 inhibition reversed the inhibitory effect of HN on TNF-α-induced apoptosis in normal and pituitary tumor cells, indicating that STAT3 signaling pathway mediates the antiapoptotic effect of HN on pituitary cells. Inhibition of NF-κB pathway did not affect action of HN on normal anterior pituitary cells but blocked the cytoprotective effect of HN on TNF-α-induced apoptosis of GH3 cells, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway is involved in HN action in tumor pituitary cells. HN also induced NF-κB-p65 nuclear translocation in these cells. In pituitary tumor cells, JNK and MEK inhibitors also impaired HN cytoprotective action. In addition, HN increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased Bax mitochondrial translocation. Since HN expression in GH3 cells is higher than in normal pituitary cells, we may suggest that through multiple pathways HN could be involved in pituitary tumorigenesis.     

Comparative analysis reveals amino acids critical for anticancer activity of peptide CIGB‐552

Because of resistance development by cancer cells against current anticancer drugs, there is a considerable interest in developing novel antitumor agents. We have previously demonstrated that CIGB‐552, a novel cell‐penetrating synthetic peptide, was effective in reducing tumor size and increasing lifespan in tumor‐bearing mice. Studies of protein–peptide interactions have shown that COMMD1 protein is a major mediator of CIGB‐552 antitumor activity. Furthermore, a typical serine‐protease degradation pattern for CIGB‐552 in BALB/c mice serum was identified, yielding peptides which differ from CIGB‐552 in size and physical properties. In the present study, we show the results obtained from a comparative analysis between CIGB‐552 and its main metabolites regarding physicochemical properties, cellular internalization, and their capability to elicit apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells. None of the analyzed metabolites proved to be as effective as CIGB‐552 in promoting apoptosis in MCF‐7. Taking into account these results, it seemed important to examine their cell‐penetrating capacity and interaction with COMMD1. We show that internalization, a lipid binding‐dependent process, is impaired as well as metabolite–COMMD1 interaction, key component of the apoptotic mechanism. Altogether, our results suggest that features conferred by the amino acid sequence are decisive for CIGB‐552 biological activity, turning it into the minimal functional unit. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurements of Na+-occluded intermediates during the catalytic cycle of the Na+/K+-ATPase provide novel insights into the mechanism of Na+ transport

The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is an integral plasma membrane glycoprotein of all animal cells that couples the exchange of intracellular Na⁺ for extracellular K⁺ to the hydrolysis of ATP. The asymmetric distribution of Na⁺ and K⁺ is essential for cellular life and constitutes the physical basis of a series of fundamental biological phenomena. The pumping mechanism is explained by the Albers–Post model. It involves the presence of gates alternatively exposing Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase transport sites to the intracellular and extracellular sides and includes occluded states in which both gates are simultaneously closed. Unlike for K⁺, information is lacking about Na⁺-occluded intermediates, as occluded Na⁺ was only detected in states incapable of performing a catalytic cycle, including two Na⁺-containing crystallographic structures. The current knowledge is that intracellular Na⁺ must bind to the transport sites and become occluded upon phosphorylation by ATP to be transported to the extracellular medium. Here, taking advantage of epigallocatechin-3-gallate to instantaneously stabilize native Na⁺-occluded intermediates, we isolated species with tightly bound Na⁺ in an enzyme able to perform a catalytic cycle, consistent with a genuine occluded state. We found that Na⁺ becomes spontaneously occluded in the E1 dephosphorylated form of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, exhibiting positive interactions between binding sites. In fact, the addition of ATP does not produce an increase in Na⁺ occlusion as it would have been expected; on the contrary, occluded Na⁺ transiently decreases, whereas ATP lasts. These results reveal new properties of E1 intermediates of the Albers–Post model for explaining the Na⁺ transport pathway.     

Response of transgenic tobacco overexpressing the CchGLP gene to cadmium and aluminium: phenotypic and microRNAs expression changes

Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants - Transgenic tobacco (N. tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) expressing Capsicum chinense&nbsp;CchGLP gene that encodes an Mn-SOD, constitutively produces hydrogen...     

Differential Modulation of TREM2 Protein during Postnatal Brain Development in Mice

During postnatal development, microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system are constantly monitoring the brain parenchyma, cleaning the cell debris, the synaptic contacts overproduced and also maintaining the brain homeostasis. In this context, the postnatal microglia need some control over the innate immune response. One such molecule recently described to be involved in modulation of immune response is TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2). Although some studies have observed TREM2 mRNA in postnatal brain, the regional pattern of the TREM2 protein has not been described. We therefore characterized the distribution of TREM2 protein in mice brain from Postnatal day (P) 1 to 14 by immunostaining. In our study, TREM2 protein was expressed only in microglia/macrophages and is developmentally downregulated in a region-dependent manner. Its expression persisted in white matter, mainly in caudal corpus callosum, and the neurogenic subventricular zone for a longer time than in grey matter. Additionally, the phenotypes of the TREM2+ microglia also differ; expressing CD16/32, MHCII and CD86 (antigen presentation markers) and CD68 (phagocytic marker) in different regions as well as with different intensity till P7. The mannose receptor (CD206) colocalized with TREM2 only at P1–P3 in the subventricular zone and cingulum, while others persisted at low intensities till P7. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal expression pattern and characterization of TREM2 indicate towards its other plausible roles in phagocytosis, progenitor’s fate determination or microglia phenotype modulation during postnatal development. Hence, the increase of TREM2 observed in pathologies may recapitulate their function during postnatal development, as a better understanding of this period may open new pathway for future therapies.