Bionomies comparées de deux souches (Marocaine et Américaine) d’Ooencyrtus kuvanae [Hym.: Encyrtidae], parasite oophage deLymantria dispar [Lep.: Lymantriidae]

Résumé Des adultes d’Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) sortis d’œufs deLymantria dispar (L.) récoltés au Maroc et aux états-Unis ont été élevés séparément mais simultanément dans les mêmes conditions abiotiques. On a évalué chez ces adultes des caractéristiques bionomiques telles que la longévité, la proportion de ♀ fécondes, la fécondité réelle moyenne, la durée de la période de ponte et le pourcentage d’œufs viables développés par parthénogenèse. Chez la progéniture, on a évalué la survie des larves et la proportion de ♀. Aucune différence significative entre les 2 souches n’est apparue. Des croisements entre les 2 souches ont donné une descendance comportant des proportions équivalentes de ♀.O. kuvanae avait été introduit au Maroc en 1926 depuis les états-Unis. Ainsi, 50 années d’acclimatation de ce parasite au Maroc (soit près de 500 générations) n’ont pas modifié ses potentialités et n’ont pas suffi à induire chez lui une nouvelle race géographique.

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Summary Adults ofOoencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) were recovered from eggs ofLymantria dispar (L.) collected in Morocco and in the U.S.A. They were reared separately and simultaneously under identical laboratory conditions. Various biological characteristics of adults from both sources were compared including longevity, proportion of fertilized versus unfertilized females, fecundity, duration of the oviposition period, and the percentage of viable eggs produced by virgin females. Also the survival of the larvae and the sex ratio of the 2 cultures were evaluated. Crossbreeding individuals of the 2 cultures resulted in a similar proportion of females in the progeny. In general there were no significan differences found between the 2 cultures.O. kuvanae had been introduced in Morocco in 1926 from the U.S.A. The adaptation of this parasite to conditions in Morocco during the ensuring 50 years since its establishment (about 500 generations) did not appear to modify the biotic potential of this species nor was it sufficient to induce the development of a new geographic race.

     

Analysis of the conformation of polypeptides : the combined use of energy computations and nuclear magnetic resonance studies.

This review surveys current approaches to the problem of determining the solution conformation of polypeptides. The basic principles of energy computations are described. The utility, problems, and limitations of various theoretical methods are summarized: conformational energy mapping, energy minimization, scanning of selected local conformations, statistical predictive schemes. The need for combining the calculations with experimental studies is pointed out. The information content of various physico-chemical methods is compared for this purpose. The analysis of nmr coupling constants is discussed in more detail. In combination with energy computations, it can furnish specific information on local aspects of the conformation. Examples of such combined studies on small peptides are summarized.     

Luminance artifacts of cathode-ray tube displays for vision research.

Phosphor persistence, video bandwidth, DC restoration and high-voltage regulation affect the appearance of images presented on cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), potentially resulting in differences between nominal and actual stimuli. We illustrate these effects by measuring physical parameters of horizontal and vertical static and counter-phase flickering gratings, and we illustrate problems for vision research by measuring contrast sensitivity to these gratings. We also measured the extent to which calibration protocols actually result in the monitor being calibrated over its entire area regardless of image size. The results of our physical measurements indicate substantial differences between gratings that nominally differ only as to orientation. Consistent with these differences, our psychophysical measurements indicate different sensitivities when the bars of the gratings are parallel or orthogonal to raster lines, regardless of the retinal orientation of the gratings. The results of our calibration check show that only a small region around the target area of calibration can be regarded as effectively linearized, and only if the size of the test image used during the check is similar to the size of the calibration patch. Overall, our results indicate potentially severe problems with the use of CRTs in vision research, and we discuss some published results that are likely to have been affected by these problems.     

Pattern of cercarial emergence of Schistosoma curassoni from Niger and comparison with three sympatric species of schistosomes.

The emergence pattern of Schistosoma curassoni cercariae from Bulinus umbilicatus, whose adult worms parasitize bovine, caprine, and ovine ungulates in Niger, is of a circadian type with a mean emission time at 0855 hr +/- 1 hr 6 min, characteristic of the schistosome species parasitizing domestic or wild cattle. The comparison of this cercarial emergence pattern with those of the other 3 sympatric species of schistosomes (Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma bovis, and Schistosoma mansoni) shows a significant difference between the chronobiology of the cercariae infective for human and those infective for bovine hosts. This difference may improve epidemiological surveys based on snail prevalences by allowing the distinction between bulinids infected with human and bovine parasites.     

Ultrastructure of Weddellomyces epicallopisma (Dothideales, Dacampiaceae, Ascomycota), especially of its ascospores]

An ultrastructural study of Weddellomyces epicallopisma (ascomata wall, asci, ascospores and vegetative hyphae), the first done on the family Dacampiaceae, confirms most of the observations made in light microscopy. Moreover it shows that ascospores are provided with an endospore (not visible in light microscope) and that the structure of the ascospore septum is more complex. The similarity of the wall structure between the ascospore and the hyphoid appendages, developed on the upper part of the ascoma, is emphasized.