Corticotropin-releasing factor inhibits gastric emptying in dogs

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on the gastric emptying of a saline meal in conscious dogs. Intravenous infusion of CRF (220-880 pmol . kg-1 . h-1), induced a significant linear dose dependent inhibition of gastric emptying (16-71%). CRF action was not modified by naloxone and not associated with vomiting or other side effects. Intravenous infusion of sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 50-200 pmol . kg-1 . h-1) inhibited gastric emptying by 29-52%. The relative potency of CRF with respect to CCK-8 is 4 times less. These studies demonstrated that CRF given intravenously in picomolar amount inhibits gastric emptying of a liquid meal in dogs through a mechanism unrelated to opiates. The role of endogenous CRF in stress-induced inhibition of gastric emptying needs to be investigated.     

Binding studies of substance P anterior pituitary binding sites: changes in substance P binding sites during the rat estrous cycle

Previous studies have shown that substance P (SP), an undecapeptide widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and in the peripheral and central nervous system, is a putative regulatory peptide involved in the control of reproductive function. Specifically, SP inhibited, at the anterior pituitary (AP) level, the stimulatory action of a physiological concentration (10(-8) M) of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) on the release of the luteinizing hormone (LH). In the present work, we have demonstrated the presence of specific SP binding sites in the AP and related changes in the number of these sites to GnRH receptor number, hypothalamic SP and GnRH content and LH secretion during the rat estrous cycle. High affinity saturable SP binding sites (Kd, 1.5 approximately equal to 10 nM) were demonstrated in AP membranes using [3H]-SP or a novel analog, [125I]-(D-Tyr0, NorLeu11)SP. The binding affinity of SP fragments decreased with progressive removal of amino acid residues from N or C termini of the molecule. Other neuropeptides had low affinity for the SP binding sites. During the rat estrous cycle, SP and GnRH binding capacity of the anterior pituitary were inversely related. At the time of the proestrous LH surge, the AP binding capacity was low for GnRH but high for SP. The highest content of SP in the hypothalamus were recorded during the afternoon of proestrus when hypothalamic GnRH levels were lowest and the preovulatory surge occurred. These studies have established the presence of high affinity specific binding sites for SP in the AP which alter during the estrous cycle in a manner appropriate for mediating the direct inhibitory effects of SP on LH release in vitro.     

Central actions of calcitonin on body temperature and intestinal motility in rats: evidence for different mediations

The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of calcitonin and PGE2 on intestinal motility and body temperature were examined in conscious rats chronically fitted with intraparietal electrodes in the small intestine, a cannula in a cerebral lateral ventricle and a subcutaneous thermistor probe. Both calcitonin and PGE2 restored the fasted pattern of intestinal motility in fed rats and induced an increase in body temperature. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase with calcium antagonistic properties, and TMB-8, an intracellular calcium antagonist, blocked the effects of calcitonin on intestinal motility and body temperature. Piroxicam, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase which does not affect calcium uptake blocked the thermic but not the intestinal effects of calcitonin. TMB-8 but not indomethacin or piroxicam partially blocked the effects of PGE2 on both intestinal motility and body temperature. It is concluded that the central hyperthermic effect of calcitonin is mediated through the formation and the release of prostaglandins whereas the central action of calcitonin on digestive motility results from intracerebral effects on calcium fluxes.     

Structural aspects of intranuclear matrix disintegration upon RNase digestion of HeLa cell nuclei

The organization of the intranuclear elements observed in histone-depleted (2 M NaCl-extracted) HeLa cell nuclei was investigated by means of electron microscopy and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This work was mainly aimed at verifying whether or not an intranuclear skeleton or matrix existed, which could explain the stable attachment of RNA to the residual nuclear structure after high-salt extraction, and its three-dimensional organization. We compared the ultrastructure and the polypeptide composition of RNA-containing and RNA-depleted (RNase-treated) nuclear residues, and we visualized intermediate stages of RNase action on the intranuclear material. We showed that this material was made of two types (fibrillar and granular) of salt-resistant RNP components equally sensitive to RNase when the enzyme was used prior to high-salt extraction. At least in our material and under our experimental conditions, no intranuclear matrix could be distinguished from the residual RNP material. Our results further suggest that formation of such a matrix is a path-dependent phenomenon.     

Characterization of the histamine releasing effect of neurotensin in the rat heart

Bolus injections of neurotensin (NT) in the rat perfused heart elicited a transient, dose-dependent histamine release. The histamine releasing effect of NT appears to be independent of the heart rate and coronary perfusion pressure and it was not influenced by atropine, propanolol, prazosin, methysergide, ketanserin, indomethacin, morphine, lidocaine or by removal of the atria. However, it was potentiated by adenosine, inhibited by sub-stimulatory concentrations of NT and the mast cell membrane stabilizing drug cromoglycate but was unaltered by the calcium antagonist verapamil. The absence of calcium in the heart perfusate suppressed the histamine releasing effect of NT. These results suggest that the histamine releasing effect of NT in the rat heart results from a direct effect on ventricular mast cells and is calcium-dependent.     

Pregnancy related changes of opiate receptors identified in rat uterine membranes by 3H-naloxone binding

3H-Naloxone was used to demonstrate the presence of specific opiate binding sites in uterine membrane preparations of rats. 3H-Naloxone binding (0.41-27 nM) was found to be rapid, saturable and reversible showing two populations of binding sites with the characteristic of high (KD 2.2 nM; Bmax 46.6 fmol/mg prot.) and low (KD 18.1 nM; Bmax 143.7 fmol/mg prot.) affinity. The number and affinity of the binding sites labelled by 3H-naloxone in the uterus were measured in the rat at mid (14 days), late (21 days) pregnancy and at parturition. The high and low affinity recognition sites labelled by 3H-naloxone showed a consistent reduction during pregnancy and at parturition without changes in the affinity constant. We concluded that pregnancy and parturition are associated with significant changes in the number of the opiate receptors bound in the uterus by 3H-naloxone. This phenomenon which seems to be linked with the several pregnancy-related changes in the levels of endogenous peptides and hormones could be relevant to further explain the pregnancy related changes in pain perception and maternal behavior.     

Teratogenic effect of trifluoperazine in rats and mice

Trifluoperazine was administered to pregnant mice and rats by gastric intubation during the period of organogenesis. Dams were treated at doses of 0.5, 5, 50 (mice and rats) and 100 (only rats) mg/kg/day. The drug affected the pregnant weight increment in a dose-related manner in rats but only the 50 mg/kg/day dose level affected the weight gain of mice. The foetal weight was not markedly affected in either species. The drug induced cleft palate and micrognathia in rats but did not produce a teratogenic effect in mice. Trifluoperazine caused abortions in mice and there were significant increases in the number of resorptions with the top dose levels in both species.     

Time course of denervation diuresis and natriuresis in the anaesthetized rat

The effect of unilateral renal sympathectomy on renal excretion of water and sodium was studied in three groups of Inactin-anaesthetized rats: 1-3, 4-19, and 20-35 weeks after denervation. Increased sodium excretion from the denervated kidney in the absence of changes in GFR was observed up to 35 weeks following renal denervation. Thus, in a functional sense, renal reinnervation may have only been partial during the time interval studied.     

Purification and subunit structure of RNA polymerases I and II from Dictyostelium discoideum vegetative cells

Summary A purification procedure to obtain RNA polymerases I (or A) and II (or B) from Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba has been developed. The enzymes were solubilized from purified nuclei and separated by DEAF-Sephadex chromatography. RNA polymerases I and II were further purified by a second chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex followed by chromatographies on phosphocellulose and heparin-sepharose. The specific activities of purified RNA polymerases I and II are 92 units/ mg protein and 70 units/ mg protein, respectively. The subunit structure of both RNA polymerases were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions after glycerol gradient centrifugation of the enzymes. The putative subunits of RNA polymerase I have molecular weights of 180 000,125 000,43 000,40 000,34 000, 31 000, 25 000,19 000, 17 000 and 14 000. The putative subunits of RNA polymerase II have molecular weights of 200 000 (170 000), 130 000, 33 000, 25 000, 19 000, 17 000, 15 000, 13 000. There are three polypeptides with common molecular weight in Dictyostelium RNA polymerases I and 11. The subunit of 25 000 daltons of both enzymes has common immunological determinants with RNA polymerase II from crustacean Artemia.Abbreviations TLCK tosyl-lysine-chloromethyl-ketone - DPT diazophenylthioether