Isozyme shift in cultured fetal human hepatocytes: a study of pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase

Hepatocytes from a 4-month old fetus were cultured for 15 days. We found that fetal hepatocytes contained some R₁ (precursor) form of L-type pyruvate kinase. Culture was associated with a considerable increase of the M₂-type pyruvate kinase activity, but some L-type enzyme could be detected even after 10 days.Isozyme shift of phosphofructokinase seemed to be a progressive rather low phenomenon. Fetal hepatocytes showed an increase of the F-type form and a disappearance of the M-type form during culture. However, by day 10, the L-type enzyme remained predominant; this is in striking contrast with the findings reported on cultured fibroblasts.From these results, pyruvate kinase can be considered as a “strong” marker of cell differentiation, while phosphofructokinase is rather a “weak” marker.     

Purine transport by Malpighian tubules of pteridine-deficient eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

Uptakes of guanine into Malpighian tubules of wild-type Drosophila and the eye color mutants white (w), brown (bw), and pink-peach (p ^p) have been compared. Tubules for each of these mutants are unable to concentrate guanine intracellularly. The transport of xanthine and riboflavin is also deficient in w tubules. The transport of guanosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine monophosphate is similar in wild-type and white Malpighian tubules. These data and other information about these mutants make it likely that these pteridine-deficient eye color mutants do not produce pigments because of the inability to transport a pteridine precursor. This view supports the hypothesis that mutants which lack both pteridine and ommochromes do so because precursors to both classes of pigments share a common transport system.This work was supported by Grant GM22366 from NIH.     

Effect of mouse genotype on interferon production

Upon induction with Newcastle disease virus, peritoneal macrophages derived from C57BL/6 mice produced ten times as much interferon as macrophages derived from BALB/c mice. This suggested that the alleles of theIf-1 locus are expressed in vitro by these cells. Further evidence for this was obtained by studying interferon production by peritoneal macrophages derived from seven recombinant inbred and one congenic line: in each case there was complete correlation between in vivo and in vitro phenotype: macrophages fromIf-1^l mice were low producers in vitro, and macrophages fromIf-1 ^h mice were high producers in vitro.     

Increased brain myo-inositol 1-phosphate in lithium-treated rats

Lithium was found to produce a marked elevation in the levels of $\text{myo}$-inositol 1-phosphate in the cerebral cortex of treated rats. This effect was completely inhibited by atropine. A 40% reduction in the levels of $\text{myo}$-inositol 1-phosphate was observed when atropine was given alone.     

Différenciation des mécanismes induisant la segmentation et l'asymétrie des chromatides, après traitement par le 5-bromodéoxyuridine

5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-induced segmentation and BUdR-induced asymmetry of the chromatids probably reflect a two-stage mechanism. The first stage consists of a BUdR substitution of the thymidine in the DNA during S period. The second stage, less obviously demonstrated, involves either alteration of chromosomal proteins or an imperfect association between substituted DNA and normal or abnormal proteins. This second stage takes place at different times, according to the type of chromatid modification: during S or G 2 period in the case of segmentation, and during G 1 in the case of asymmetry. One important implication of our experimental results is that the appearance of metaphasic chromatids is at least partly determined by the time of the G 1 period.L'induction d'une asymétrie, ou d'une segmentation des chromatides par un traitement au BUdR, résulte probablement d'un mécanisme à deux étapes distinctes. La première consiste en une substitution de la thymidine par le BUdR survenant lors de la replication de l'ADN. La seconde, plus difficile à mettre en évidence, consiste en une modification des protéines chromosomiques, ou en une mauvaise association entre les protéines, modifiées ou non, et l'ADN ayant incorporé le BUdR. Cette seconde étape est nécessairement différente selon la modification chromatidienne induite: elle se déroule en phase S ou G 2, en cas de segmentation, et en phase G 1 surtout, en cas d'asymétrie. Dans l'un et l'autre cas, la modification de l'association ADN-protéines pourrait être en rapport avec la régulation chromosomique. Une déduction importante de nos résultats expérimentaux est que l'aspect des deux chromatides métaphasiques dépend, au moins en partie, de la constitution de l'ADN dès la phase G 1.     

Beitrag zur Termiologie der Diasporologie

Aufgrund des Studiums von Diasporologie der FamilieFabaceae und anderer Arten der tschechoslowakischen Flora wurde im vorliegenden Beitrag die diasporologische Terminologie durch folgende neue Fachausdrücke ergänzt: Hydroballochorie, Xeroballochorie, Euxeroballochorie, Hemixeroballochorie. Die Xerochasie ist in Euxerochasie und Pseudoxerochasie und die Hygrochasie in Euhygrochasie, Hemihygrochasie und Pseudohygrochasie geteilt. Bei der Synaptospermie wird Eusynaptospermie und Pseudosynaptospermie unterscheidet. Weiter wurde ein neuer Typ der Aërokarpie—die Chamelokarpie beschrieben, der in Euchamelokarpie und Pseudochamelokarie eingeteilt ist.     

Das Futterwahlverhalten des Rehes in einem voralpinen Revier

European Journal of Wildlife Research - Von April bis Juli 1972 wurden im voralpinen Revier Grabs Ost Beobachtungen zum Futterwahlverhalten des Rehes ausgeführt. Die Rehe wurden beim Äsen...     

Dynamics of Salmonella enterica and antimicrobial resistance in the Brazilian poultry industry and global impacts on public health

Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a common cause of diarrhoeal disease; in humans, consumption of contaminated poultry meat is believed to be a major source. Brazil is the world’s largest exporter of chicken meat globally, and previous studies have indicated the introduction of Salmonella serovars through imported food products from Brazil. Here we provide an in-depth genomic characterisation and evolutionary analysis to investigate the most prevalent serovars and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Brazilian chickens and assess the impact to public health of products contaminated with S. enterica imported into the United Kingdom from Brazil. To do so, we examine 183 Salmonella genomes from chickens in Brazil and 357 genomes from humans, domestic poultry and imported Brazilian poultry products isolated in the United Kingdom. S. enterica serovars Heidelberg and Minnesota were the most prevalent serovars in Brazil and in meat products imported from Brazil into the UK. We extended our analysis to include 1,259 publicly available Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota genomes for context. The Brazil genomes form clades distinct from global isolates, with temporal analysis suggesting emergence of these Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota clades in the early 2000s, around the time of the 2003 introduction of the Enteritidis vaccine in Brazilian poultry. Analysis showed genomes within the Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota clades shared resistance to sulphonamides, tetracyclines and beta-lactams conferred by sul2, tetA and bla_CMY-2 genes, not widely observed in other co-circulating serovars despite similar selection pressures. The sul2 and tetA genes were concomitantly carried on IncC plasmids, whereas bla_CMY-2 was either co-located with the sul2 and tetA genes on IncC plasmids or independently on IncI1 plasmids. Long-term surveillance data collected in the UK showed no increase in the incidence of Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Minnesota in human cases of clinical disease in the UK following the increase of these two serovars in Brazilian poultry. In addition, almost all of the small number of UK-derived genomes which cluster with the Brazilian poultry-derived sequences could either be attributed to human cases with a recent history of foreign travel or were from imported Brazilian food products. These findings indicate that even should Salmonella from imported Brazilian poultry products reach UK consumers, they are very unlikely to be causing disease. No evidence of the Brazilian strains of Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Minnesota were observed in UK domestic chickens. These findings suggest that introduction of the Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine, in addition to increasing antimicrobial use, could have resulted in replacement of salmonellae in Brazilian poultry flocks with serovars that are more drug resistant, but less associated with disease in humans in the UK. The plasmids conferring resistance to beta-lactams, sulphonamides and tetracyclines likely conferred a competitive advantage to the Salmonella Minnesota and Salmonella Heidelberg serovars in this setting of high antimicrobial use, but the apparent lack of transfer to other serovars present in the same setting suggests barriers to horizontal gene transfer that could be exploited in intervention strategies to reduce AMR. The insights obtained reinforce the importance of One Health genomic surveillance.