全文获取类型
收费全文 | 36524篇 |
免费 | 16358篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
52889篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 87篇 |
2022年 | 236篇 |
2021年 | 624篇 |
2020年 | 2329篇 |
2019年 | 3885篇 |
2018年 | 4003篇 |
2017年 | 4262篇 |
2016年 | 4380篇 |
2015年 | 4519篇 |
2014年 | 4182篇 |
2013年 | 4700篇 |
2012年 | 2563篇 |
2011年 | 2271篇 |
2010年 | 3527篇 |
2009年 | 2199篇 |
2008年 | 1296篇 |
2007年 | 835篇 |
2006年 | 745篇 |
2005年 | 818篇 |
2004年 | 740篇 |
2003年 | 744篇 |
2002年 | 707篇 |
2001年 | 387篇 |
2000年 | 297篇 |
1999年 | 290篇 |
1998年 | 131篇 |
1997年 | 102篇 |
1996年 | 104篇 |
1995年 | 88篇 |
1994年 | 88篇 |
1993年 | 70篇 |
1992年 | 112篇 |
1991年 | 83篇 |
1990年 | 85篇 |
1989年 | 86篇 |
1988年 | 74篇 |
1987年 | 63篇 |
1986年 | 74篇 |
1985年 | 64篇 |
1984年 | 64篇 |
1983年 | 60篇 |
1982年 | 68篇 |
1981年 | 50篇 |
1980年 | 61篇 |
1979年 | 55篇 |
1978年 | 49篇 |
1977年 | 48篇 |
1976年 | 42篇 |
1975年 | 45篇 |
1973年 | 42篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
82.
Ontogeny of head and caudal fin shape of an apex marine predator: The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) 下载免费PDF全文
Amy L. Fu Neil Hammerschlag George V. Lauder Cheryl D. Wilga Chi‐Yun Kuo Duncan J. Irschick 《Journal of morphology》2016,277(5):556-564
How morphology changes with size can have profound effects on the life history and ecology of an animal. For apex predators that can impact higher level ecosystem processes, such changes may have consequences for other species. Tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) are an apex predator in tropical seas, and, as adults, are highly migratory. However, little is known about ontogenetic changes in their body form, especially in relation to two aspects of shape that influence locomotion (caudal fin) and feeding (head shape). We captured digital images of the heads and caudal fins of live tiger sharks from Southern Florida and the Bahamas ranging in body size (hence age), and quantified shape of each using elliptical Fourier analysis. This revealed changes in the shape of the head and caudal fin of tiger sharks across ontogeny. Smaller juvenile tiger sharks show an asymmetrical tail with the dorsal (upper) lobe being substantially larger than the ventral (lower) lobe, and transition to more symmetrical tail in larger adults, although the upper lobe remains relatively larger in adults. The heads of juvenile tiger sharks are more conical, which transition to relatively broader heads over ontogeny. We interpret these changes as a result of two ecological transitions. First, adult tiger sharks can undertake extensive migrations and a more symmetrical tail could be more efficient for swimming longer distances, although we did not test this possibility. Second, adult tiger sharks expand their diet to consume larger and more diverse prey with age (turtles, mammals, and elasmobranchs), which requires substantially greater bite area and force to process. In contrast, juvenile tiger sharks consume smaller prey, such as fishes, crustaceans, and invertebrates. Our data reveal significant morphological shifts in an apex predator, which could have effects for other species that tiger sharks consume and interact with. J. Morphol. 277:556–564, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
83.
84.
85.
Mathieu Lefèvre Daniel J. Felmlee Marie Parnot Thomas F. Baumert Catherine Schuster 《PloS one》2014,9(4)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and HCV infection represents a major health problem. HCV associates with host lipoproteins forming host/viral hybrid complexes termed lipoviral particles. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a lipoprotein component that interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) to mediate hepatic lipoprotein uptake, and may likewise mediate HCV entry. We sought to define the functional regions of apoE with an aim to identify critical apoE binding partners involved in HCV infection. Using adenoviral vectors and siRNA to modulate apoE expression we show a direct correlation of apoE expression and HCV infectivity, whereas no correlation exists with viral protein expression. Mutating the HSPG binding domain (HSPG-BD) of apoE revealed key residues that are critical for mediating HCV infection. Furthermore, a novel synthetic peptide that mimics apoE’s HSPG-BD directly and competitively inhibits HCV infection. Genetic knockdown of the HSPG proteins syndecan (SDC) 1 and 4 revealed that SDC4 principally mediates HCV entry. Our data demonstrate that HCV uses apoE-SDC4 interactions to enter hepatoma cells and establish infection. Targeting apoE-SDC interactions could be an alternative strategy for blocking HCV entry, a critical step in maintaining chronic HCV infection. 相似文献
86.
Demet Tademir Ayegül Karaküük‐yidoan Mustafa Ulali Tuba Takin‐Tok Emne Eln Oru‐Emre Hasan Bayram 《Chirality》2015,27(2):177-188
A series of new chiral thiosemicarbazones derived from homochiral amines in both enantiomeric forms were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against A549 (human alveolar adenocarcinoma), MCF‐7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma), and HGC‐27 (human stomach carcinoma) cell lines. Some of compounds showed inhibitory activities on the growth of cancer cell lines. Especially, compound 17b exhibited the most potent activity (IC50 4.6 μM) against HGC‐27 as compared with the reference compound, sindaxel (IC50 10.3 μM), and could be used as a lead compound to search new chiral thiosemicarbazone derivatives as antiproliferative agents. Chirality 27:177–188, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
87.
A Banerjee M A Jordan R F Luduena 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1985,128(2):506-512
Incubation of phosphocellulose-purified tubulin with GSH at 30 degrees C results in an inhibition of colchicine binding activity. GSSG has a protective effect against the GSH-induced loss of colchicine-binding. Incubation of tubulin with GSH at 30 degrees C results in the formation of abnormal tubulin polymers which are insensitive to cold. Such aggregation is insensitive to antimicrotubular drugs. Aggregation is inhibited by GSSG but not by DTT or mercaptoethanol. GSH-induced aggregation is very sensitive to the ionic strength of the assembly medium; both the aggregation and colchicine binding inhibition induced by GSH are inhibited at higher ionic strength. These results indicate a very complex interaction of GSH with tubulin. 相似文献
88.
Although Ficus (Moraceae) is a keystone plant genus in the tropics, providing resources to many frugivorous vertebrates, its population genetic structure, which is an important determinant of its long‐term survival, has rarely been investigated. We examined the population genetic structure of two dioecious fig species (Ficus hispida and Ficus exasperata) in the Indian Western Ghats using co‐dominant nuclear microsatellite markers. We found high levels of microsatellite genetic diversity in both species. The regression slopes between genetic relationship coefficients (fij) and spatial distances were significantly negative in both species indicating that, on average, individuals in close spatial proximity were more likely to be related than individuals further apart. Mean parent–offspring distance (σ) calculated using these slopes was about 200 m in both species. This should be contrasted with the very long pollen dispersal distances documented for monoecious Ficus species. Nevertheless, overall population genetic diversity remained large suggesting immigrant gene flow. Further studies will be required to analyze broader scale patterns. 相似文献
89.
90.
Madeleine St Clair Yewers Devi Stuart‐Fox Claire Alice McLean 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(1):295-306
Space use including territoriality and spatial arrangement within a population can reveal important information on the nature, dynamics, and evolutionary maintenance of alternative strategies in color polymorphic species. Despite the prevalence of color polymorphic species as model systems in evolutionary biology, the interaction between space use and genetic structuring of morphs within populations has rarely been examined. Here, we assess the spatial and genetic structure of male throat color morphs within a population of the tawny dragon lizard, Ctenophorus decresii. Male color morphs do not differ in morphology but differ in aggressive and antipredator behaviors as well as androgen levels. Despite these behavioral and endocrine differences, we find that color morphs do not differ in territory size, with their spatial arrangement being essentially random with respect to each other. There were no differences in genetic diversity or relatedness between morphs; however, there was significant, albeit weak, genetic differentiation between morphs, which was unrelated to geographic distance between individuals. Our results indicate potential weak barriers to gene flow between some morphs, potentially due to nonrandom pre‐ or postcopulatory mate choice or postzygotic genetic incompatibilities. However, space use, spatial structure, and nonrandom mating do not appear to be primary mechanisms maintaining color polymorphism in this system, highlighting the complexity and variation in alternative strategies associated with color polymorphism. 相似文献