PROROCENTRUM BELIZEANUM,PROROCENTRUM ELEGANS,AND PROROCENTRUM CARIBBAEUM,THREE NEW BENTHIC SPECIES (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM A MANGROVE ISLAND,TWIN CAYS,BELIZE1

Three new benthic dinoflagellate species, Prorocentrum belizeanum, Prorocentrum elegans, and Prorocentrum caribbaeum, from mangrove floating detritus are described from scanning electron micrographs. Species were identified based on shape, size, surface micromorphology, ornamentation of thecal plates, and architecture of the periflagellar area and intercalary band. Cells of P. belizeanum are round to slightly oval with a cell size of 55–60 μm long and 50–55 μm wide. Areolae are round and numerous (853–1024 per valve) and range from 0.66 to 0.83 μm in size. The periflagellar area of P. belizeanum is a broad V-shaped depression; it accommodates a flagellar and an auxiliary pore and a flared, curved apical collar. The intercalary band of P. belizeanum is horizontally striated. Prorocentrum elegans is a small species 15–20 μm long and 10–14 μm wide, with an ovate cell shape. The thecal surface is smooth. Two sizes of valve pores were recognized: large, round pores (20–22 per valve) arranged in a distinct pattern and smaller pores situated in an array along the intercalary band. The periflagellar area is V-shaped; it accommodates an uneven sized flagellar pore, an auxiliary pore, and an angled protuberant flagellar plate. The intercalary band is transversely striated. It is a bloom-forming species. Prorocentrum caribbaeum cells are heart-shaped with a rounded anterior end and a pointed posterior end. Cells range from 40 to 45 μm long and 30 to 35 μm wide. Thecal surface has two different-sized pores: large, round pores (145–203 per valve) arranged perpendicularly from the posterior margins, and small, round pores unevenly distributed on the thecal surface. The periflagellar area is ornate. It is V-shaped with a curved apical collar located next to the auxiliary pore; a smaller protuberant apical plate is adjacent to the flagellar pore. The intercalary band is transversely striated and sinuous. Cells are active swimmers.     

Chromosomes of the Antarctic amphipod Waldeckia obesa Chevreux

Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Antarctic lysianassoid amphipod Waldeckia obesa are described. The modal chromosome number is n = 25 and 2n = 50. The potential applications of cytogenetical studies in this group are discussed.     

X chromosome linkage studies in familial Rett syndrome

Four families, each with two individuals affectecd by Rett Syndrome (RS), were analysed using restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms and microsatellite markers from the X chromosome. In two of the families, X-linked dominant inheritance of the RS defect from a germinally mosaic mother could be assumed. Therefore, maternal X chromosome markers showing discordant inheritance were used to exclude regions of the X chromosome as locations of the RS gene. Much of the short arm could be excluded, including regions containing three candidate genes, OTC, synapsin 1 and synaptophysin. Although most of the long arm was inherited in common it was possible to exclude a centromeric region. Inheritance of X chromosome markers is also presented for two families with affected aunt-niece pairs, one of which has not been previously studied at the DNA level.     

Fine structure of the spermatozoa of Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca,Bivalvia)

We describe sperm ultrastructure and acrosome differentiation during spermiogenesis in Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca Bivalvia). The sperm cell is a uniflagellated cell of the primitive type. The head region contains a rounded or conical nucleus surmounted by small acrosome. This organelle consists of a membrane-bound acrosomal granule, the contents of which have a homogeneous density, except in the anterior region, which is positive for PTA. The acrosome also surrounds the perforatorium, which includes oriented fibrillar elements: this is the axial body. The middle piece contains four mitochondria encircling two perpendicular centrioles. The distal centriole is provided with a system of mechanical fixation to the plasma membrane, consisting of nine fibers in radial arrangement. The tail flagellum, about 50 m?m long, contains the usual microtubular axoneme. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Female reproductive fluid concentrations affect sperm performance of alternative male phenotypes in an external fertilizer

There is growing evidence that the female reproductive fluid (FRF) plays an important role in cryptic female choice through its differential effect on the performance of sperm from different males. In a natural spawning event, the male(s) may release ejaculate closer or further away from the spawning female. If the relative spatial proximity of competing males reflects the female pre-mating preference towards those males, then favoured males will encounter higher concentrations of FRF than unpreferred males. Despite this being a common situation in many external fertilizers, whether different concentrations of FRF can differentially influence the sperm performance of distinct male phenotypes (favoured and unfavoured by the female) remains to be elucidated. Here, we tested this hypothesis using the grass goby (Zosterisessor ophiocephalus), a fish with distinct territorial-sneaker reproductive tactics and female pre-mating preference towards territorial males, that consequently mate in an advantaged position and whose sperm experience higher concentrations of FRF. Our findings revealed a differential concentration-dependent effect of FRF over sneaker and territorial sperm motility only at low concentrations (i.e. at the distance where sneakers typically ejaculate), with increasing FRF concentrations (i.e. close to the eggs) similarly boosting the sperm performance of both sneaker and territorial males. The ability to release sperm close to the eggs is a prerogative of territorials, but FRF can likewise advantage the sperm of those sneakers that are able to get closer, allowing flexibility in the direction of female post-mating choice.     

EMG biofeedback of the abductor pollicis brevis in piano performance

The aim of the present study was to apply EMG biofeedback as an auxiliary to piano teaching techniques. We studied the changes in integrated electromyographic activity, using the abductor pollicis brevis functioning as an agonist during the teaching of identical selective movements of piano playing in two groups, one with EMG biofeedback and the other following traditional method of instruction. The analysis of variance revealed an increase in the peak amplitude and the relaxation rate values for the biofeedback group. These results have implications for the application of piano playing techniques and reveal EMG biofeedback as an aid in the teaching of thumb attack with the abductor pollicis brevis as agonist.We are grateful for the valuable assistance of Dr. Jaime Vila (Professor of Therapy and Behavioral Modification, Faculty of Psychology, Granada), the cooperation of students at the Juventudes Musicales Music School, Santa Fe and at the Victoria Eugenia Conservatoire, (Granada), the Statistical Analysis Centre of University of Filosofia y Letras de Granada; Professor Enrique Garcia Fernandez-Abasal (Complutense University) for the design of the interface and software.     

Fine-scale mapping of physicochemical and microbial landscapes of the coral skeleton

The coral skeleton harbours a diverse community of bacteria and microeukaryotes exposed to light, O₂ and pH gradients, but how such physicochemical gradients affect the coral skeleton microbiome remains unclear. In this study, we employed chemical imaging of O₂ and pH, hyperspectral reflectance imaging and spatially resolved taxonomic and inferred functional microbiome characterization to explore links between the skeleton microenvironment and microbiome in the reef-building corals Porites lutea and Paragoniastrea benhami. The physicochemical environment was more stable in the deep skeleton, and the diversity and evenness of the bacterial community increased with skeletal depth, suggesting that the microbiome was stratified along the physicochemical gradients. The bulk of the coral skeleton was in a low O₂ habitat, whereas pH varied from pH 6–9 with depth. Physicochemical gradients of O₂ and pH of the coral skeleton explained the β-diversity of the bacterial communities, and skeletal layers that showed O₂ peaks had a higher relative abundance of endolithic algae, reflecting a link between the abiotic environment and the microbiome composition. Our study links the physicochemical, microbial and functional landscapes of the coral skeleton and provides new insights into the involvement of skeletal microbes in the coral holobiont metabolism.