全文获取类型
收费全文 | 44137篇 |
免费 | 3024篇 |
国内免费 | 16篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 242篇 |
2022年 | 593篇 |
2021年 | 1050篇 |
2020年 | 629篇 |
2019年 | 776篇 |
2018年 | 1107篇 |
2017年 | 906篇 |
2016年 | 1511篇 |
2015年 | 2275篇 |
2014年 | 2431篇 |
2013年 | 3313篇 |
2012年 | 3774篇 |
2011年 | 3539篇 |
2010年 | 2200篇 |
2009年 | 1867篇 |
2008年 | 2649篇 |
2007年 | 2588篇 |
2006年 | 2277篇 |
2005年 | 2065篇 |
2004年 | 1937篇 |
2003年 | 1854篇 |
2002年 | 1665篇 |
2001年 | 418篇 |
2000年 | 301篇 |
1999年 | 374篇 |
1998年 | 429篇 |
1997年 | 294篇 |
1996年 | 287篇 |
1995年 | 274篇 |
1994年 | 266篇 |
1993年 | 255篇 |
1992年 | 194篇 |
1991年 | 219篇 |
1990年 | 204篇 |
1989年 | 167篇 |
1988年 | 142篇 |
1987年 | 143篇 |
1986年 | 120篇 |
1985年 | 153篇 |
1984年 | 138篇 |
1983年 | 113篇 |
1982年 | 110篇 |
1981年 | 117篇 |
1980年 | 109篇 |
1979年 | 117篇 |
1978年 | 91篇 |
1977年 | 86篇 |
1976年 | 84篇 |
1974年 | 74篇 |
1973年 | 85篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
R P Bolande D C Mayer 《Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)》1989,191(4):387-390
An IgM fraction of human serum was isolated and purified. A portion of this fraction firmly attaches to L cells' surfaces, which sensitizes these cells to the lytic action of low concentrations of serum C. It contains the natural cytotoxic "antibody" to L cells. 相似文献
102.
103.
Maria C. Nieto Elizabeth S. Song Denise McKinney Minnie McMillan Robert S. Goodenow 《Immunogenetics》1989,30(5):361-369
We have analyzed changes in the antigenicity of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules resulting from the association
of human beta-2 micro-globulin (B2m) with the mouse class I heavy chain. In particular, the H-2Ld molecule exhibited enhanced crossreactivity for the 34-1-2 monoclonal antibody. In order to assess the nature of this structural
alteration induced by human B2m, we utilized H-2 class I hybrid molecules in the mapping of the 34-1-2 determinant to the
helical region of the alpha-1 domain. H-2Ld class I hybrid molecules were then used to establish the importance of the alpha-2 and- 3 domains in the observed increase
of 34-1-2 cross-reactivity following exchange with human B2m. The H-2Ld hybrids suggest that alterations in interdomain contact are responsible for enhanced 34-1-2 cross-reactivity on the H-2Ld molecule. It is likely that this alteration arises through changes in class I conformation at regions of the molecule distant
from points of contact between B2m and the class I molecule. This suggests that perturbations induced by association of human
B2m with H-2Ld can affect the conformation of the alpha-1 and- 2 superdomain. That class I antigenic determinants are altered by the association
of human B2m with mouse class I further suggests that the class I molecule is structurally flexible and may reflect the ability
of the class I molecule to bind and present a vast array of disparate peptides to the T-cell receptor. 相似文献
104.
Ubiquitin-protein conjugates accumulate in the lysosomal system of fibroblasts treated with cysteine proteinase inhibitors. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The Biochemical journal》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
F J Doherty N U Osborn J A Wassell P E Heggie L Laszlo R J Mayer 《The Biochemical journal》1989,263(1):47-55
Mouse fibroblasts (3T3-L1 cells) accumulate detergent- and salt-insoluble aggregates of proteins conjugated to ubiquitin when incubated in the presence of inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine cathepsins, including E-64. These ubiquitin-protein conjugates co-fractionate with lysosomes on density gradients and are found in multivesicular dense bodies which by electron microscopy appear to be engaged in microautophagy. Both E-64 and ammonium chloride increase the intracellular concentration of free ubiquitin, but only E-64 leads to the formation of insoluble lysosomal ubiquitin-protein conjugates. The results are discussed in relation to the possible intracellular roles of ubiquitin conjugation. 相似文献
105.
Hydrolysis of sunflower oil by means of hydrophobic membrane with lipolytic activity 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Magdalena Rucka Bozena Turkiewicz Maria Tomaszewska Nikodem Chlubek 《Biotechnology letters》1989,11(3):167-172
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes of different porosity were used for lipase from Rhizopus immobilization. The immobilized enzyme applied to sunflower oil hydrolysis achieved the activity of 1228 U/m2 of the membrane area and the half-life time was calculated to be 7 days. 相似文献
106.
Giorgio Di Marco Nicola D'Ambrosio Maria T. Giardi Angelo Massacci Domenico Tricoli 《Photosynthesis research》1989,21(2):117-122
We investigated several photosynthetic parameters of a virescent mutant of durum wheat and of its wild-type. Electron transport rate to ferricyanide was the same in the two genotypes when expressed on leaf area basis while O2 evolution of the leaf tissue in saturating light and CO2 was slightly higher in the yellow genotype. RuBPCase was also slightly higher. Quantum yield per absorbed light was similar in the two genotypes. P700 and Cyt f were less concentrated in the mutant while PS II was only marginally lower. The light response curve of CO2 assimilation indicated higher level of photosynthesis of the mutant in high light, which corresponded to a lower non-photochemical quenching compared to the wild-type. It is concluded that the reaction centres, cyt f and chlorophyll are not limiting factors of electron transport in wheat seedlings and that electron transport capacity is in excess with respect to that needed for driving photosynthesis. Since the differences in photosynthesis reflect differences in RuBPCase activity, it is suggested that this enzyme limits photosynthesis in wheat seedlings also at high light intensities.Abbreviations cyt f
cytochrome f
- chl
chlorophyll
- PS II
photosystem II
- Pnmax
maximum photosynthesis
- RuBCase
Ribulose, 1-5,bisphosphate carboxylase 相似文献
107.
A. C. Kuesel W. Kuhn J. Sianoudis L. H. Grimme D. Leibfritz A. Mayer 《Archives of microbiology》1989,151(5):434-438
The possibility to apply N-15 in vivo NMR spectroscopy to study algal N-metabolism has been investigated. N-15 labelled cells
of the green alga Chlorella fusca, subjected to nitrogen starvation and N-14 labelled cells supplied with K15NO3 after prolonged nitrogen starvation were monitored by N-15 in vivo NMR spectroscopy at different times after the change in
their nitrogen supply. During 20–40 min, necessary for the acquisition of 1 spectrum, the cells were under dark anaerobic
conditions, but the relative amounts of the metabolites detected did not change. Signals from 2 acid amides, from the side
chain nitrogens of arginine and lysine, from prolin as well as 4 signals from α amino groups of amino acids were detected.
Besides two signals not yet reported in the literature were found. They may be due to amino compounds, but not to amino acids.
The amount of free amino acids in the cells increases not only upon resupply of nitrogen starved cells with nitrate but also
during the first hours after nitrate depletion. The spectra obtained from N-15 labelled autospores show that N-15 in vivo
NMR spectroscopy can be applied to the investigation of N metabolism of the cells. 相似文献
108.
Teresa Urbanik-Sypniewska Ulrich Seydel Michaela Greck Jürgen Weckesser Hubert Mayer 《Archives of microbiology》1989,152(6):527-532
The structure of the lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium meliloti 10406, a derivative of the wild-type strain MVII-1, was examined. The compositional analysis of its polysaccharide moiety demonstrated lack of heptose(s), but high contents in glucose, galacturonic acid and 2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate (dOclA) as characteristic features. The lipid A moiety consisted of a -1,6 linked glucosamine disaccharide carrying ester (at C-4) and glycosidically (at C-1) linked phosphate residues, both present exclusively as monoester phosphates but not as phosphodiesters. Ester- and amidelinked 3-hydroxy fatty acids were mostly present as non-3-O-acylated residues. Laser desorption mass spectrometry (LD-MS) revealed heterogeneity in the fatty acid substitution, as was also indicated by the non-stoichiometric ratios obtained by quantitative fatty acid analysis. The predominating lipid A structure contained at the reducing glucosamine residue ester-linked 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid (3-OH-14:0) and amide-linked 3-OH-18:0, or 3-OH-18:1, respectively. The distal (non-reducing) glucosamine carried ester-bound the recently discovered 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid and 3-OH-14:0 and, as amide-linked fatty acid, mostly 3-hydroxy-stearic acid (3-OH-18:0).The isolated lipopolysaccharide exhibited a high extent of lethal toxicity in galactosamine-treated mice, comparable to that of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide. The structural relationship of LPS and lipid A of Rhizobium meliloti to other rhizobial lipopolysaccharides and lipid A's with respect to questions of taxonomy and of phylogenetic relationships will be discussed.Abbreviations LPS
lipopolysaccharide
- dOclA
3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid (KDO)
- GalA
galacturonic acid
- DOC
sodium deoxycholate
- PAGE
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- LD-MS
laser desorption-mass spectrometry 相似文献
109.
Maria H. Lugo Heather S. Rauchfuss Helen R. Zakour James W. Allen John C. Hozier 《Chromosoma》1989,98(1):69-76
Chromosomal replicons have been described as the cytological counterpart of DNA replicon clusters and have previously been studied in vitro using premature chromosome condensation-sister chromatid differentiation (PCC-SCD) techniques. Chromosomal replicons are visualized as small SCD segments in S-phase cells, and measurement of these segments can provide estimates of relative chromosomal replicon size corresponding to DNA replicon clusters functioning coordinately in S-phase. Current hypotheses of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) formation postulate that sites of SCE induction are associated with active replicons or replicon clusters. We have applied the PCC-SCD technique to in vivo studies of mouse bone marrow cells that have been treated with cyclophosphamide (CP) for two cell cycles. We have been able to visualize chromosomal replicons, as well as SCEs which have been induced in vivo by CP treatment, simultaneously in the same cells. Chromosomal replicons visualized as small SCD segments were measured in PCC cells classified at early or late S-phase based on SCD segment size prevalence. Early S-phase (E/S) PCC cells contained 90% of the SCD segments measured clustered in a segment size range of 0.1 to 0.8 m with a peak value around 0.3 to 0.6 m regardless of CP treatment. As the cells progressed through S-phase, late S-phase (L/S) PCC cells were characterized by the appearance of larger SCD segments and even whole SCD chromosomes in addition to small SCD segments. A concentration of units around 0.4 to 1.0 m was found for L/S SCD segment size distributions regardless of CP treatment with an apparent bimodal profile. Our in vivo data support the existence of a subunit organization of chromosomal replication with a basic functional unit being 0.3 to 0.6 m in size. In addition, we have found that this chromosomal unit of replication or chromosomal replicon does not seem to be functionally perturbed by the mutagen CP. We also found that small SCD segments of 0.4 to 0.7 m in length were involved in the formation of an SCE, suggesting that both spontaneous and CP-induced SCEs occur between chromosomal replicons. These findings provide direct cytogenetic evidence to support a replicon cluster/chromosomal replicon model for SCE formation. 相似文献
110.