Induction of electrogenic phosphate transport through the mitochondrial membrane by a thermostable cytoplasmic factor in hyperthyroidism

Addition of a thermostable cytoplasmic fraction leads to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of the mitochondria. In hyperthyrosis such an effect manifests itself more powerfully than in the control. Addition of the thermostable cytoplasmic fraction induces electrogenic phosphate transport via the mitochondrial membrane. In hyperthyrosis, the activity of the thermostable inducer of phosphate transport in the cytoplasm increases. The functioning of the phosphate cycle may be the cause of the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of the mitochondria during the disease in question.     

Plant phylogeny drives arboreal caterpillar assemblages across the Holarctic

1. Assemblages of insect herbivores are structured by plant traits such as nutrient content, secondary metabolites, physical traits, and phenology. Many of these traits are phylogenetically conserved, implying a decrease in trait similarity with increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plant taxa. Thus, a metric of phylogenetic distances and relationships can be considered a proxy for phylogenetically conserved plant traits and used to predict variation in herbivorous insect assemblages among co‐occurring plant species.
2. Using a Holarctic dataset of exposed‐feeding and shelter‐building caterpillars, we aimed at showing how phylogenetic relationships among host plants explain compositional changes and characteristics of herbivore assemblages.
3. Our plant–caterpillar network data derived from plot‐based samplings at three different continents included >28,000 individual caterpillar–plant interactions. We tested whether increasing phylogenetic distance of the host plants leads to a decrease in caterpillar assemblage overlap. We further investigated to what degree phylogenetic isolation of a host tree species within the local community explains abundance, density, richness, and mean specialization of its associated caterpillar assemblage.
4. The overlap of caterpillar assemblages decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance among the host tree species. Phylogenetic isolation of a host plant within the local plant community was correlated with lower richness and mean specialization of the associated caterpillar assemblages. Phylogenetic isolation had no effect on caterpillar abundance or density. The effects of plant phylogeny were consistent across exposed‐feeding and shelter‐building caterpillars.
5. Our study reveals that distance metrics obtained from host plant phylogeny are useful predictors to explain compositional turnover among hosts and host‐specific variations in richness and mean specialization of associated insect herbivore assemblages in temperate broadleaf forests. As phylogenetic information of plant communities is becoming increasingly available, further large‐scale studies are needed to investigate to what degree plant phylogeny structures herbivore assemblages in other biomes and ecosystems.

     

Thyroid hormones selectively modulate human alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme catalyzed ethanol oxidation

Thyroid hormones are potent, instantaneous, and reversible inhibitors of ethanol oxidation catalyzed by isozymes of class I and II human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). None of the thyroid hormones inhibits class III ADH. At pH 7.40 the apparent Ki values vary between 55 and 110 microM for triiodothyronine, 35 and greater than 200 microM for thyroxine, and 10 and 23 microM for triiodothyroacetic acid. The inhibition is of a mixed type toward both NAD+ and ethanol. The binding of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine to beta 1 gamma 1 ADH is mutually exclusive with 1,10-phenanthroline, 4-methylpyrazole, and testosterone, identifying a binding site(s) for the thyroid hormones, which overlap(s) both the 1,10-phenanthroline site near the active site zinc atom and the testosterone binding site, the latter being a regulatory site on the gamma-subunit-containing isozymes and distinct from their catalytic site. The inhibition by thyroid hormones may have implications for regulation of ADH catalysis of ethanol and alcohols in the intermediary metabolism of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and in steroid metabolism. In concert with other hormonal regulators, e.g., testosterone, the rate of ADH catalysis is capable of being fine tuned in accord with both substrate and modulator concentrations.     

Biogeography of Iberian freshwater fishes revisited: the roles of historical versus contemporary constraints

Aim The question of how much of the shared geographical distribution of biota is due to environmental vs. historical constraints remains unanswered. The aim of this paper is to disentangle the contribution of historical vs. contemporary factors to the distribution of freshwater fish species. In addition, it illustrates how quantifying the contribution of each type of factor improves the classification of biogeographical provinces. Location Iberian Peninsula, south‐western Europe (c. 581,000 km²). Methods We used the most comprehensive data on native fish distributions for the Iberian Peninsula, compiled from Portuguese and Spanish sources on a 20‐km grid‐cell resolution. Overall, 58 species were analysed after being categorized into three groups according to their ability to disperse through saltwater: (1) species strictly intolerant of saltwater (primary species); (2) species partially tolerant of saltwater, making limited incursions into saltwaters (secondary species); and (3) saltwater‐tolerant species that migrate back and forth from sea to freshwaters or have invaded freshwaters recently (peripheral species). Distance‐based multivariate analyses were used to test the role of historical (basin formation) vs. contemporary environmental (climate) conditions in explaining current patterns of native fish assemblage composition. Cluster analyses were performed to explore species co‐occurrence patterns and redefine biogeographical provinces based on the distributions of fishes. Results River basin boundaries were better at segregating species composition for all species groups than contemporary climate variables. This historical signal was especially evident for primary and secondary freshwater fishes. Eleven biogeographical provinces were delineated. Basins flowing to the Atlantic Ocean north of the Tagus Basin and those flowing to the Mediterranean Sea north of the Mijares Basin were the most dissimilar group. Primary and secondary freshwater species had higher province fidelity than peripheral species. Main conclusions The results support the hypothesis that historical factors exert greater constraints on native freshwater fish assemblages in the Iberian Peninsula than do current environmental factors. After examining patterns of assemblage variation across space, as evidenced by the biogeographical provinces, we discuss the likely dispersal and speciation events that underlie these patterns.     

Phagocytic function in cyclists: correlation with catecholamines and cortisol.

Flow cytometer measurements were made of the basal variations in peripheral blood functional monocytes and granulocytes over the course of a training season (January to November) of a cycling team. Parallel determinations were made of plasma concentration of catecholamines (chromatography) and cortisol (RIA) in a search for neuroendocrine markers. The results showed the greatest phagocytic capacity to occur in the central months (March, May, and July), coinciding with the greatest number and highest level of competitive events with good correlation with a peak in epinephrine during these months (r(2) = 0.998 for monocytes and r(2) = 0.674 for granulocytes). No good correlations were found between phagocytosis and norepinephrine or cortisol. The highest values for phagocytosis and epinephrine concentration were found in May. These results suggest that blood epinephrine concentration could be a good neuroendocrine marker of sportspeople's phagocytic response.     

Cross-linking of histone H5 in hen erythrocyte nuclei

Following treatment of hen erythrocyte nuclei with dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate, dimers between histones H1a, H1b, and H5 were extracted with 5% perchloric acid. They resolved electrophoretically into four sub-bands and these were identified by non-reducing/reducing gel electrophoresis. The H5-H5 homodimer species was purified by gel electrophoresis and was treated sequentially with BrCN and dithiothreitol. The pattern of resulting fragments indicates that cross-links were mainly formed between the COOH-terminal portions and at a significantly lower frequency between the COOH-terminal and the NH2-terminal portions.