The β4Integrin Subunit Is Expressed in Mouse Fibroblasts and Modulated by Transforming Growth Factor-β1

Integrin β₄subunit is present in association with α₆chain on both normal and transformed epithelial cells. Recently α₆β₄heterodimer was found on the endothelium of medium-sized blood vessels and on immature thymocytes. In this report we show, by Northern blotting, indirect immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting, that β₄subunit is expressed also on cells of mesenchymal origin such as fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. Increased expression of α₆β₄has been related to the aggressive metastatic phenotype of human and murine carcinomas. The transforming growth factor β₁(TGF-β₁) has been found to modulate the expression of several integrins and intracellular matrix proteins, as well as to stimulate cell invasion and metastatic potential. To evaluate whether α₆β₄expression is modulated by TGF-β₁, we transfected 3T3 fibroblasts with an expression vector carrying the human TGF-β₁cDNA driven by the SV40 early promoter. We observed by indirect immunofluorescence a modification in the subcellular distribution of β₄subunit, which acquires a perinuclear localization. This finding suggests this integrin subunit correlates with the cytoskeletal reorganization induced by TGF-β₁.     

Form changes in the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Moronidae: Teleostei), after acclimation to freshwater: an analysis using shape coordinates

Synopsis Morphological changes in the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Perciformes: Moronidae), were investigated after an experimental acclimation trial to freshwater. The sea bass is an euryhaline species occurring in the Mediterranean and west Atlantic from 30° N to 55° N. Part of the offspring of a pool of breeders was acclimated to freshwater at 9 months of age while maintaining the original stock in marine water. The effect of acclimation to freshwater over the entire form of the fish was studied through geometric morphometrics (shape coordinates). Changes in the form were shown graphically as landmark displacements though age classes 7,12, 15, 19 and 24 months and were discussed in the light of integrated growth. A significantly faster growth in freshwater was detected. Shape coordinates analyzed through multivariate statistics show that significant differences in shape arise after acclimation to freshwater. Moreover, the uniform component of shape change reveals a major effect of stretching or compression perpendicular to the body axis which is common and conservative in both trials. Differences are discussed in terms of selection and ecophenotypism.     

The results of 2-year pollen monitoring of an urban network in Perugia,Central Italy

Continuous pollen monitoring of an urban network consisting of three stations has been undertaken for a period of 2 years in Perugia, central Italy. The aim has been to establish whether the Perugia pollen trap, active since 1983, is still representative of the area following recent urbanisation. Quantitative differences were found between the stations, reflecting different vegetational areas, but only slight differences were detected in relation to the timing of the principal period of pollination. Therefore, although individual pollen traps are necessary to characterize fully the different areas, one trap is sufficient to determine the key allergenic thresholds in the studied area.     

The results of 2-year pollen monitoring of an urban network in Perugia,Central Italy

Continuous pollen monitoring of an urban network consisting of three stations has been undertaken for a period of 2 years in Perugia, central Italy. The aim has been to establish whether the Perugia pollen trap, active since 1983, is still representative of the area following recent urbanisation. Quantitative differences were found between the stations, reflecting different vegetational areas, but only slight differences were detected in relation to the timing of the principal period of pollination. Therefore, although individual pollen traps are necessary to characterize fully the different areas, one trap is sufficient to determine the key allergenic thresholds in the studied area.     

Affected sib-pair analysis of the GLUT1 glucose transporter gene locus in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): evidence for no linkage

Despite the strong evidence for a major role played by genetic factors in the aetiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the genes involved are still unknown. Association studies of candidate genes for the inheritance of NIDDM have so far yielded inconclusive results. Some evidence exists for an association between NIDDM and the glucose transporter gene GLUT1, involved in basal glucose transport, although this has not been confirmed. In the present study we have tested the hypothesis of linkage between NIDDM and the GLUT1 gene, using affected sib-pairs. With this method the concordance observed for a given gene marker is compared with that expected under the assumption of no linkage between that marker and the disease. Fifty-four pedigrees (22 Italians and 32 British), for a total of 82 sibpairs were studied by the affected sib-pair method proposed by Weeks and Lange, using two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the GLUT1 locus, the MspI RFLP, at an estimated 0.171 recombination frequency from the GLUT1 gene, and the XbaI RFLP, located within the GLUT1 gene and previously shown to be associated with the disease. Results showed that the MspI marker and NIDDM segregate independently; for the XbaI RFLP, linkage could be shown only if the results were weighted by the allele frequency [f(p) = 1/p], and only in the Italian and the combined (Italian and British) sib-pair groups. Multilocus analysis with both markers was also negative. We conclude that the GLUT1 gene is very unlikely to play a major role in the aetiology of NIDDM, although an accessory role cannot be excluded, and studies of the gene sequence should help to clarify this question.     

Effect of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide on sex pheromone biosynthesis in Spodoptera littoralis isolated glands

The control of Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone biosynthesis has been investigated with synthetic pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and different labeled tracers using an in vitro isolated gland system. Responsiveness of the glands to PBAN stimulation was impaired by careless tissue manipulation. The fact that PBAN is active in the isolated gland system suggests that this might be a target organ for this peptide in S. littoralis. As reported previously with Br-SOG extracts and intact females, label incorporation into the pheromone increased in glands treated with PBAN from all the precursors tested. However, the formation of labeled intermediates from d₅E11–14:Acid also occurred in glands incubated in the absence of the peptide, but the amounts of d₅Z9, E11–14:Acid were lower in PBAN treated glands than in controls. These results indicate that PBAN controls pheromone biosynthesis in S. littoralis by regulating the reduction of acyl moieties. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Thermostable β-Glycosidase from Sulfolobus Solfataricus

The Sulfolobus solfataricus β-glycosidase (Sβgly) is a thermostable and thermophilic glycosyl-hydrolase with broad substrate specificity. The enzyme hydrolizes β-D-gluco-, fuco-, and galactosides, and a large number of /Winked glycoside dimers and oligomers, linked β1-3, β1-4, and β1-6, It is able to hydrolize oligosaccharides with up to 5 glucose residues. Furthermore, it is also able to promote transglycosylation reactions. The corresponding gene has been cloned and overexpressed both in yeast and Escherichia coli. Based on sequence and functional data, the Sβgly has been assigned to the so-called BGA family of glycosyl-hydrolases, including β-glycosidases, β-galactosidases and phosho-β-galactosidases from mesophilic and thermophilic organisms of the three domains. The Sβgly has been crystallized and the resolution of its structure is in progress. Because of its special properties, the enzymes has considerable biotechnological potential.     

Environmental factors affecting the lipid metabolism in Rosmarinus officinalis L

The effect of some environmental factors on the lipid metabolism was studied in two chemotypes of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Epicuticular hydrocarbons (EH), epicuticular fatty acids (EFA), whole leaf fatty acids (WLFA) and essential oils (EO) were extracted and analysed by GC-MS during winter 1991–1992 and related to temperature and moisture variations. Leaf fresh and dry wts were determined along with some morphophysiological parameters such as specific leaf weight (SLW) and specific leaf area (SLA). Leaf areas were calculated by image analysis and statistically processed as for chemical data. The results indicated that in R. officinalis the response to some environmental factors, with particular reference to temperature and moisture, was an increase in epicuticular hydrocarbons and a decrease in epicuticular fatty acids, leaf fatty acids and essential oils. Qualitative changes in the chemical composition of the above lipid classes were found to be correlated with temperature changes. From a chemosystematic viewpoint, a clear separation between the two chemotypes was achieved only when epicuticular hydrocarbons and essential oils were considered as chemosystematic characters.     

Nitrogen fertilizer enhances vegetation establishment of a high-altitude machine-graded ski slope

Machine grading is frequently required to prepare the terrain when building high-altitude ski slopes in the Alps. However, this kind of disturbance alters the natural environment, destroying the vegetation and hampering its reestablishment. Thus, specific restoration plans are necessary to encourage the recovery of vegetation, which is already affected by different natural constraints in this harsh environment. One of the main critical factors affecting plant growth in high-altitude areas is the lack of available nitrogen (N) in the soil. In this context, the addition of a slow-release N fertilizer was carried out in an experimental revegetated ski slope between 2,800 and 2,900 m above sea level in the western Italian Alps. Both vegetation and soil were monitored during a 5-year period in order to test the effectiveness of N addition on the restoration process. Even if effects on soil carbon and N contents were negligible, vegetation was remarkably affected by the fertilization, since the total vegetation cover and the species richness significantly increased. Against the expectations, there was a remarkable increase in spontaneous forbs, rather than in most of the sown graminoids, which slightly varied during the experimental period. Actually, graminoids responded in different ways, mostly increasing (likewise forbs), but the slight decrease of the dominant Festuca nigrescens (Chewing's Fescue) masked their spread. This study confirms the noteworthy role of N in high-altitude alpine soils and consequently its importance to improve the restoration process of degraded ecosystems.