Human pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: From now to the future

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric particles that enclose cell-derived bioactive molecules in a lipid bilayer and serve as intercellular communication tools. Accordingly, in various biological contexts, EVs are reported to engage in immune modulation, senescence, and cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, EVs could be key elements for potential off-the-shelf cell-free therapy. Little has been studied regarding EVs derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-EVs), even though hPSCs offer good opportunities for induction of tissue regeneration and unlimited proliferative ability. In this review article, we provide an overview of studies using hPSC-EVs, focusing on identifying the conditions in which the cells are cultivated for the isolation of EVs, how they are characterized, and applications already demonstrated. The topics reported in this article highlight the incipient status of the studies in the field and the significance of hPSC-EVs’ prospective applications as PSC-derived cell-free therapy products.     

Morphological parameters affecting false lumen thrombosis following type B aortic dissection: a systematic study based on simulations of idealized models

Type B aortic dissection (TBAD) carries a high risk of complications, particularly with a partially thrombosed or patent false lumen (FL). Therefore, uncovering the risk factors leading to FL thrombosis is crucial to identify high-risk patients. Although studies have shown that morphological parameters of the dissected aorta are related to FL thrombosis, often conflicting results have been reported. We show that recent models of thrombus evolution in combination with sensitivity analysis methods can provide valuable insights into how combinations of morphological parameters affect the prospect of FL thrombosis. Based on clinical data, an idealized geometry of a TBAD is generated and parameterized. After implementing the thrombus model in computational fluid dynamics simulations, a global sensitivity analysis for selected morphological parameters is performed. We then introduce dimensionless morphological parameters to scale the results to individual patients. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the most sensitive parameters influencing FL thrombosis are the FL diameter and the size and location of intimal tears. A higher risk of partial thrombosis is observed when the FL diameter is larger than the true lumen diameter. Reducing the ratio of the distal to proximal tear size increases the risk of FL patency. In summary, these parameters play a dominant role in classifying morphologies into patent, partially thrombosed, and fully thrombosed FL. In this study, we point out the predictive role of morphological parameters for FL thrombosis in TBAD and show that the results are in good agreement with available clinical studies.

     

Locomotor Activity in the Freshwater Crab Potamon fluviatile: The Analysis of Temporal Patterns by Radio-telemetry

Locomotor activity in a field population of the freshwater crab, Potamon fluviatile, was studied during the breeding season by means of radio-telemetry and by direct counts of active animals along a transect of the stream. The basic pattern of crabs' locomotor activity can be described as a sequence of short distance movements around the shelters (foraging movements), followed by rarer long distance displacements (wandering movements). Whilst direct counting showed that the crabs exhibit a broadly nocturnal rhythm in foraging movements, no daily periodicity in wandering activity was revealed by telemetry. There is sexual difference in these latter excursions: females move farther along the stream and into the surrounding terrestrial habitat than do males. This behaviour is in contrast to observations made during the non-breeding season and is probably related to the stage of female reproduction.     

Facile reduction of peptide oxime endothelin antagonist during trialkylsilane/TFA cleavage after solid-phase synthesis

Summary We describe a new solid-phase strategy for the selective reduction of the C=N bond in peptide oximes using a trialkylsilane in trifluoroacetic acid. The reduction is performed directly on the resin-bound peptide, with concomitant cleavage of the peptide from the resin and deblocking of protected side chains.     

Identification of a locus involved in meningococcal lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis by deletion mutagenesis

A novel method for insertion/deletion mutagenesis in meningococci was devised. This consisted of ligating a digest of total chromosomal DNA to a 1.1 kb restriction fragment containing an erythromycin-resistance marker ( ermC ), and subsequent transformation of the ligation mixture into the homologous meningococcal strain H44/76. Southern blotting of a number of the resulting erythromycin-resistant transformants demonstrated that all carried the ermC gene inserted at different positions in the chromosome. Mutants with a specific phenotype were identified by screening with the anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) monoclonal antibody MN4A8B2, which is specific for immunotype L3. In this way, two independent L3-negative mutant strains were isolated. In transformation experiments with chromosomal DNA from these mutants, erythromycin-resistance and lack of MN4A8B2 reactivity were always linked, showing that the insertion/deletion was in a locus involved in LPS biosynthesis. On SDS–PAGE, the mutant LPS displayed an electrophoretic mobility intermediate between that produced by the previously isolated galE and rfaF mutant strains. Chemical analysis of the mutant LPS revealed that the structure was probably lipid A–(KDO)₂–(Hep)₂. Chromosomal DNA flanking the ermC insertion in these two mutant strains was cloned, and used as probe for the isolation of the corresponding region of the wild-type strain. From hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, it could be concluded that both mutations map to the same locus. The affected gene probably encodes the glycosyltransferase necessary for adding N -acetylglucosamine to heptose.     

Preferred conformation of peptides rich in Ac8c,a medium-ring alicyclic Cα,α-disubstituted glycine

A complete series of terminally blocked, monodispersed homo-oligopeptides (to the pentamer level) from the sterically demanding, medium-ring alicyclic C^α,α-disubstituted glycine 1-aminocyclooctane-1-carb oxylic acid (Ac₈c), and two Ala/Ac₈c tripeptides, were synthesized by solution methods and fully characterized. The preferred conformation of all the oligopeptides was determined in deuterochloroform solution by IR absorption and ¹H-NMR. The molecular structures of the amino acid derivative Z-Ac₈c-OH, the dipeptide pBrBz- (Ac₈c)₂-OH and the tripeptide pBrBz-(Ac₈c)₃-OtBu were assessed in the crystal state by X-ray diffraction. Conformational energy computations were performed on the monopeptide Ac-Ac₈c-NHMe. Taken together, the results obtained strongly support the view that the Ac₈c residue is an effective β-turn and helix former. A comparison is also made with the conformational preferences of α-aminoisobutyric acid, the prototype of C^{α, α}-disubstituted glycines, and of the other members of the family of 1-aminocycloalkane-1-carboxylic acids (Ac_nc, with n=3, 5–7) investigated so far. The implications for the use of the Ac₈c residue in peptide conformational design are considered.     

Redox thermodynamics, acid-base equilibria and salt-induced effects for the cucumber basic protein. General implications for blue-copper proteins

 The reduction potential of the basic blue-copper protein from cucumber peels (CBP) was determined through voltammetric techniques in different conditions of temperature, pH and ionic composition of the medium. The most notable properties of CBP include a positive entropy change upon reduction, a low-pH protonation and detachment of a metal-binding histidine in the reduced protein, and specific binding interactions with a number of anions present in common laboratory buffers, which influence to some extent the redox thermodynamics. The enthalpy and entropy changes accompanying reduction of the Cu(II) center were compared with those for other blue-copper proteins and correlated with spectroscopic data, structural properties and theoretical calculations. This allows some general considerations to be offered regarding the determinants of the reduction potential in this protein class. It emerges, in line with previous studies of the electronic structure of blue-copper sites, that the enthalpic contribution to the reduction potential is mainly modulated by the metal-binding interactions in the trigonal N₂S ligand set, and particularly by the Cu-cysteinate bond, while the entropy term is mainly affected by solvation properties and possibly by the weak axial bond to copper. The role of solvent exposure of the metal site in the active-site protonations in reduced blue-copper proteins is discussed. Finally, it is shown that the Nernst-Debye-Huckel model qualitatively accounts for the ionic strength dependence of the reduction potential. Received: 20 December 1996 / Accepted: 26 March 1997     

Friedländer reaction on 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans: Synthesis of derivatives of 4H-pyran [2,3-b] quinoline, new tacrine analogues

The unprecedented Friedländer reaction of densely functionalized 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans (1) with cyclohexanone has afforded in one step and good yield 5-amino-4-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyran[2,3-b]quinolines (2), novel amino-substituted fused pyran derivatives. These compounds are new tacrine analogues.     

Time linkages between pollination onsets of different taxa over an 11-year period in Perugia,Central Italy

Times of pollination of different taxa in the atmosphere of Perugia (Central Italy) over an 11-year period (1982–1992) were recorded and analysed by means of a 7-day volumetric Hirst-type pollen trap. For some taxa, the pollination period varied from year to year from a chronological and/or quantitative point of view. Several taxa showed a linkage in their starting dates of pollination. Knowledge of this kind of linkage allows us to build a forecasting model.