Cell death delineates axon pathways in the hindlimb and does so independently of neurite outgrowth

We wished to know whether the cell death and phagocytosis seen near the outgrowing nerve front in the hindlimb delineate axon pathways and, if so, whether the cells died only in the presence of growth cones. We unilaterally deleted the lumbosacral neural tube and reconstructed the patterns of neurite outgrowth and phagocytes during the stage when neurites first begin to colonize the thigh. In the control limbs, sensory and motor nerve pathways coincided with sites of phagocytosis, including those pathways that had yet to be colonized by growth cones. For instance, phagocytes were clustered at foci within the muscle masses where muscle nerves form a day later. However, they were not seen in adjacent, nonpathway regions such as posterior sclerotome or dorsal and ventral to the region of the plexus in which axons extend only posteriorly. Phagocytes were also seen in defined regions that are probably inaccessible to growth cones because they are too distant from pathways (i.e., subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge) or express substances that are typical of precartilagenous tissues which may prohibit axon advance. In the experimental limbs, we conservatively estimated that neurite outgrowth was reduced to less than one-tenth (neurites were visible only with electron microscopy) or less than one-third of normal. Outgrowth extended less far distally and, in half the cases, motor innervation was completely abolished. Despite the extensive reduction in neurite outgrowth, the distribution of phagocytes was indistinguishable from that of the control side. Furthermore, the number of phagocytes did not differ significantly. We conclude that cell death delineates axon pathways remarkably well and does so without an interaction with growth cones; it is an independent characteristic of the axonal pathways and may be directly or indirectly important to axonal pathfinding. This is the first identification of a feature that characterizes prospective nerve pathways in the hindlimb.     

Gold nanoparticles disturb nuclear chromatin decondensation in mouse sperm in vitro

The effect of gold nanoparticles on mouse epididymal sperm has been studied using the model system of nuclear chromatin decondensation in vitro. It is shown that the treatment of gametes, preliminary membrane-freed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, in the mediums containing gold nanoparticles (with diameter ∼2.5 nm) in concentrations 1.0 × 10¹⁵ or 0.5 × 10¹⁵ particles/ml and following incubation in dithiothreitol solution (DTT) resulted in failure of chromatin decondensation process and nucleus structure. We conclude that gold nanoparticles possess spermatotoxicity. The mechanism of cytotoxic effect of gold nanoparticles may be related with their interaction with molecules of double-helix DNA. The model system studied in this research is applicable for further investigations of cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles of different origin and made of different metals.     

EFFECTS OF LEUCINE ON BRAIN SEROTONIN

Abstract— The effect of excess leucine in the diet on serotonin metabolism in the brain was investigated in experimental animals. It was found that:
(1) Animals receiving diets containing 3 % and 8 % leucine and those receiving jowar diets had significantly lower levels of serotonin in the brain.
(2) Intraperitoneal administration of the precursor amino acid 5-HTP increased the serotonin concentration in brain in both control and leucine-fed animals. However, the serotonin concentration in leucine-fed animals was significantly lower than that of pairfed controls. Larger amounts of the synthesized serotonin were found to be catabolized in 3 hr in leucine-fed animals than in control animals.
(3) The in vitro uptake of [¹⁴C]5-HTP by brain slices of animals fed leucine was found to be similar to that of control animals.
(4) The basal concentration of 5-HIAA in brain was higher in leucine-fed animals, suggesting a higher rate of catabolism of serotonin.
(5) Administration of nicotinic acid resulted in a further fall of serotonin concentration in the brains of leucine-fed animals but not in control animals.     

Über den Gehalt an auxin- und gibberellinähnlichen Stoffen bei jarowisierten und nicht jarowisierten Embryonen von Sommer- und Winterweizen

V jarovisovaných a nejarovisovaných obilkách jedné ozimé a jedné jarní odr?dy p?enice byly chromatograficky stanoveny látky typu auxin? a giberelin?. Chromatogramy byly vyhodnoceny pomocí biologických test?. U ozimé odr?dy jsme nena?li rozdíly v rozlo?ení r?stových látek mezi jarovisovanou a nejarovisovanou variantou. U jarní odr?dy jsme rozdíly na?li. Na základě výsledk? soudíme, ?e rozdíly mezi oběma variantami jarní odr?dy byly zp?sobeny nespecifickým p?sobením nízké teploty a ?e proces jarovisace není kausálně spjat se změnami hladiny r?stových látek.