T-2 toxin degradation by micromycetes

The biodegradation of T-2 toxin was studied by strains of micromycetes which were isolated from the environment. The 26 tested strains were divided into three groups. Group contains strains which degraded T-2 toxin very fast. This toxin could not be chromatographically determined in the medium even after 48 hours of incubation and the antifungal activity of residua against Kluyveromyces fragilis CCY-51-1-2 was low or zero. There were strains of Alternaria sp., Ulocladium sp., Aspergillus candidus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Rhodotorula sp., Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium macrocarpum. Group II contains with a low activity and in group III the results were variable and non stable.     

Cationic ferritin uptake by cultured anterior pituitary cells treated with the proteinase inhibitor, BOC-DPhe-Phe-Lys-H

Cultured cells from the anterior pituitary glands of adult rats were treated with the tripeptide aldehyde proteinase inhibitor, BOC-DPhe-Phe-Lys-H. The addition of this tripeptide aldehyde decreased the in vitro release of prolactin to 25% of the control value, while the release of growth hormone in the same cultures decreased to 33% of the control value. Prolactin immunostaining was stronger in semithin sections of proteinase-inhibitor-treated cultures than in control sections. After 2 h treatment with the inhibitor, prolactin- and growth hormone-containing secretory granules were numerous, and the number of crinophagic vacuoles had increased. In the presence of the inhibitor, the overall cytoarchitecture of parenchymal cells was well preserved, and the pathway of the uptake of cationic ferritin appeared to be unaffected.     

Slow heat rate increases yeast thermotolerance by maintaining plasma membrane integrity.

Thermal resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be drastically dependent on the kinetics of heat perturbation. Yeasts were found to be more resistant to a plateau of 1 h at 50 degrees C after a slope of temperature increase (slow and linear temperature increments) than after a shock (sudden temperature change). Thermotolerance was mainly acquired between 40-50 degrees C during a heat slope, i.e., above the maximal temperature of growth. The death of the yeasts subjected to a heat shock might be related to the loss of membrane integrity: intracellular contents extrusion, i.e., membrane permeabilization, was found to precede cell death. However, the permeabilization did not precede cell death during a heat slope and, therefore, membrane permeabilization was a consequence rather than a cause of cell death. During a slow temperature increase, yeasts which remain viable may have time to adapt their plasma membrane and thus maintain membrane integrity.     

Histogenesis of the unique morphology of proboscidean ivory

The chequered pattern (often called Schreger pattern), which can be seen by unaided eye on transverse profiles of several proboscidean tusks and which can be emphasized by the spreading pattern of the cracks or by mineral discoloration, is an autapomorph feature of the clade Elephantoidea. The pattern differs among proboscidean taxa; therefore, it allows the coarse differentiation of elephants, mammoths, and some other basal groups. Such identification methods could facilitate efforts concerned with protection of the remaining elephant populations through ivory trade restrictions, since the tooth dentine from extinct Mammuthusprimigenius and from extant Loxodontaafricana and Elephasmaximus are the most common raw materials of the ivory carvings. The aim of this study was to show the internal structure of proboscidean ivory and to revise the existing theories on the aforementioned pattern of the elephantoids with reflections on the events which lead to the development of this microstructure. Thin sections and natural crack surfaces with various orientations of M.primigenius, Elephasantiquus, Prodeinotherium, and Deinotherium tusk fragments were used to produce a three‐dimensional model which explains the features on all profiles. The “phase shift” model is introduced, which assumes a sinusoid undulation of the dentinal tubules in radial profiles in the case of elephantoids. The model was confirmed by photomicrographs, scanning electron microscopic images, interpretation of natural crack surfaces, and radial displacement analysis of the dentinal tubules. The latter proved that the adjacent waves are not in the same phase. Several new nondestructive distinguishing methods are described here on the basis of the correlation between some microscopic and macroscopic features related to the Schreger pattern. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.