全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5505篇 |
免费 | 319篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
5826篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 49篇 |
2022年 | 89篇 |
2021年 | 153篇 |
2020年 | 131篇 |
2019年 | 142篇 |
2018年 | 153篇 |
2017年 | 162篇 |
2016年 | 260篇 |
2015年 | 302篇 |
2014年 | 313篇 |
2013年 | 424篇 |
2012年 | 479篇 |
2011年 | 453篇 |
2010年 | 284篇 |
2009年 | 219篇 |
2008年 | 323篇 |
2007年 | 322篇 |
2006年 | 276篇 |
2005年 | 247篇 |
2004年 | 201篇 |
2003年 | 201篇 |
2002年 | 174篇 |
2001年 | 59篇 |
2000年 | 52篇 |
1999年 | 39篇 |
1998年 | 42篇 |
1997年 | 27篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 15篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 15篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1933年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有5826条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
22.
Ana C. Santos Joana Cunha F. Veiga A. Cordeiro-da-Silva Antonio J. Ribeiro 《Carbohydrate polymers》2013
Alginate-dextran sulfate (ADS) microgel has been used to protect insulin from gastrointestinal attack and as a carrier to promote insulin permeation through intestinal epithelium. The throughput of ADS submicron particles generation by emulsification/internal gelation is limited by its wide size distribution. 相似文献
23.
Marcelo H Ratto Louis TJ Delbaere Yvonne A Leduc Roger A Pierson Gregg P Adams 《Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E》2011,9(1):24
Background
The objective of the present study was to isolate and purify the protein fraction(s) of llama seminal plasma responsible for the ovulation-inducing effect of the ejaculate. 相似文献24.
Paulo Bentes de Carvalho-Neto Marcelo dos Santos Marcos Brasilino de Carvalho Ana Maria da Cunha Mercante Viviane Priscila Pina dos Santos Patrícia Severino Eloiza Helena Tajara Iuri Drumond Louro Adriana Madeira álvares da Silva-Conforti 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
FAS/FASL altered expression may cause tumor protecting immunomodulation, with a direct impact on patient prognosis. FAS expression was studied in 60 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. FAS expression did not show a significant association with tumor histopathological characteristics, but was significantly associated with lymph node positivity. FAS expression was significantly associated with disease specific death and negative FAS expression was an independent risk factor, increasing risk 4 times when compared to positive expression. When FAS and FASL expression results were combined, we were able to define high, intermediate and low risk profiles. Disease-free and disease-specific survival were significantly correlated with FAS/FASL expression profiles. The high risk category was an independent marker for earlier disease relapse and disease-specific death, with approximately 4- and 6-fold increased risk, respectively, when compared to the low risk profile. Risk profiles based on FAS/FASL expression showed that high risk was significantly associated with increased disease relapse and death, as well as shorter disease-free or disease-specific survival. This categorization, added to patient clinical data, may facilitate the choice of therapy, minimizing treatment failure and increasing disease control. 相似文献
25.
Karan J. Odom Marcelo Araya-Salas Janelle L. Morano Russell A. Ligon Gavin M. Leighton Conor C. Taff Anastasia H. Dalziell Alexis C. Billings Ryan R. Germain Michael Pardo Luciana Guimarães de Andrade Daniela Hedwig Sara C. Keen Yu Shiu Russell A. Charif Michael S. Webster Aaron N. Rice 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2021,96(4):1135-1159
Animals produce a wide array of sounds with highly variable acoustic structures. It is possible to understand the causes and consequences of this variation across taxa with phylogenetic comparative analyses. Acoustic and evolutionary analyses are rapidly increasing in sophistication such that choosing appropriate acoustic and evolutionary approaches is increasingly difficult. However, the correct choice of analysis can have profound effects on output and evolutionary inferences. Here, we identify and address some of the challenges for this growing field by providing a roadmap for quantifying and comparing sound in a phylogenetic context for researchers with a broad range of scientific backgrounds. Sound, as a continuous, multidimensional trait can be particularly challenging to measure because it can be hard to identify variables that can be compared across taxa and it is also no small feat to process and analyse the resulting high-dimensional acoustic data using approaches that are appropriate for subsequent evolutionary analysis. Additionally, terminological inconsistencies and the role of learning in the development of acoustic traits need to be considered. Phylogenetic comparative analyses also have their own sets of caveats to consider. We provide a set of recommendations for delimiting acoustic signals into discrete, comparable acoustic units. We also present a three-stage workflow for extracting relevant acoustic data, including options for multivariate analyses and dimensionality reduction that is compatible with phylogenetic comparative analysis. We then summarize available phylogenetic comparative approaches and how they have been used in comparative bioacoustics, and address the limitations of comparative analyses with behavioural data. Lastly, we recommend how to apply these methods to acoustic data across a range of study systems. In this way, we provide an integrated framework to aid in quantitative analysis of cross-taxa variation in animal sounds for comparative phylogenetic analysis. In addition, we advocate the standardization of acoustic terminology across disciplines and taxa, adoption of automated methods for acoustic feature extraction, and establishment of strong data archival practices for acoustic recordings and data analyses. Combining such practices with our proposed workflow will greatly advance the reproducibility, biological interpretation, and longevity of comparative bioacoustic studies. 相似文献
26.
Marcelo Juanico 《International Review of Hydrobiology》1994,79(3):423-436
This paper deals with stratification in a small reservoir (50 000 m3 volume, 5.5 m depth) receiving wastewater with a BOD of 80 mg/1 during the winter in order to irrigate agricultural areas during the dry summer. The reservoir goes through three partially overlapping annual cycles: solar radiation, water temperature and reservoir operation. It presents both permanent (deep) and ephemeral (shallow) stratification during the summer in spite of the strong breeze, due to both thermal and biogenic chemical gradients. There are stratified and non-stratified wastewater reservoirs in Israel. Stratification in hypertrophic impoundments seems to depend also on parameters derived from the chemical composition of hypertrophic waters. (e. g., turbidity, biogenic gradients, wind/water friction coefficient, viscosity). 相似文献
27.
28.
Rodini CO Batista AC Dionísio TJ Santos CF Cunha FQ Lara VS 《Journal of molecular histology》2008,39(3):275-282
The immunopathologic and inflammatory mechanisms involved in periodontal disease (PD) include the participation of host resident,
inflammatory cells and chemical mediators. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and nitric oxide (NO) play essential role in extracellular
matrix turnover of periodontal tissue destruction. In this study, by means of RT-PCR through semi-quantitative densitometric
scanning methods, the expression of MMPs -2 and -9 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was temporally and spatially investigated
during the destructive mechanisms of experimentally induced PD in rats. Samples from different periods were microscopically
analyzed and compared with the contralateral side (control). Our results showed significant expression of MMP-9 and iNOS in
tissues affected by PD, as compared with controls, three days after PD induction, simultaneously with the beginning of alveolar
bone loss. At 7 days post induction, only the MMP-9 mRNA presented a significantly higher expression, as compared with the
respective controls. Thus, in the rat ligature-induced PD, MMP-9 and iNOS might importantly participate in the early stages
of the disease, including inflammatory cell migration, tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption. Also, we may suggest
that the exuberant presence of PMNs may be related to the important expression of iNOS and MMP-9 found at 3 days post induction. 相似文献
29.
Marcelo Rodrigues Thales H. F. Costa Reginaldo Alves Festucci-Buselli Luzimar Campos Silva Wagner Campos Otoni 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2012,48(1):67-72
In vitro propagation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) may offer an efficient alternative to seed propagation of this species. For optimization of in vitro propagation, different basal salt formulations, growth regulators, and culture container sealants (polytetrafluoroethylene hydrophobic membranes [PTFE]) were evaluated. Nodal segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium showed the highest shoot formation per explant (1.67). Explants cultured in flasks containing MS medium with 0.5 mg L−1 benzyladenine, 0.5 mg L−1 kinetin, and 0.05 mg L−1 naphthaleneacetic acid, and sealed with two PTFE membranes, produced the highest number of shoots (4.04). In contrast, explants cultured in flasks without membranes showed leaf chlorosis and senescence. For plant recovery, regenerants were acclimatized in a substrate of coconut fiber and eucalyptus bark (1:1) and showed 80% survival. Our results indicated that the use of flasks with vents was beneficial for in vitro propagation of this important plant. 相似文献
30.
We compared the rate of pollen tube growth following self- and cross-pollinations both among and within flowers of two clones of Dianthus chinensis L. For among-flower comparisons, both styles of a flower were pollinated with either self- or cross-pollen. Within-flower comparisons were made between the two styles of the same flower, one of which was self-pollinated and the other cross-pollinated. Comparisons between flowers indicated that self-pollen grew slower than cross-pollen in both clones. However, differences in the growth rate of pollen tubes from self- and cross-pollinations were greater when comparisons were made between the two styles of the same flower than when pollinations were made in different flowers. These results suggest the existence of interstyle interactions in pollen tube growth. 相似文献