Tissue‐resident memory T (TRM) cells are abundant in the memory T cell pool and remain resident in peripheral tissues, such as the skin, where they act as alarm sensors or cytotoxic killers. TRM cells persist long after the pathogen is eliminated and can respond rapidly upon reinfection with the same antigen. When aberrantly activated, skin‐located TRM cells have a profound role in various skin disorders, including vitiligo and melanoma. Autoreactive TRM cells are present in human lesional vitiligo skin and mouse models of vitiligo, which suggests that targeting these cells could be effective as a durable treatment strategy for vitiligo. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that induction of melanoma‐reactive TRM cells is needed to achieve effective protection against tumor growth. This review highlights seminal reports about skin‐resident T cells, focusing mainly on their role in the context of vitiligo and melanoma, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in both diseases. 相似文献
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a data-intensive methodology; therefore, experts usually focus collection efforts on a few activities, while generic data on remaining activities are taken from databases. Even though increased availability of databases has facilitated LCA takeoff, assuring data quality is fundamental to ensure meaningful results and reliable interpretation.
Methods
Ecoinvent has become a global reference for inventory data. Its current version released three impact partition modeling options—the recycled content, “allocation at the point of substitution” (APOS), and consequential models—whose adequate choice is crucial for yielding meaningful assessments. Tutorials and manuals describe the distribution algorithm that backs each system model, to ground decision-making regarding the best fit to a study’s goals. We performed a systematic literature review to investigate—within the papers published on the International Journal of LCA (IJLCA)—how transparently authors addressed the system model choices.
Results and discussion
About 70% of LCA practitioners continued to use earlier versions of ecoinvent after version 3 was launched in 2013. The number of papers using versions 3.x only showed an increased growth trend 2 years later. Eighty-three papers actually adopted the newest version of the database. From those, only 29 papers clearly mentioned the adopted system model. Our SLR also suggests a trend regarding authorship profile of LCA-related studies: the number of studies conducted by practitioners aware of the intricacies of sound modeling of background and foreground data might have been surpassed by those conducted by non-LCA specialists who use LCA as a supporting tool for investigations in applied fields, and merely scratch the surface.
Conclusions
Our results point to a need for a caveat: ecoinvent users must take time to understand the general concept behind each system model and practice one of the most important actions when performing an LCA—state methodological choices clearly.
International Journal of Primatology - Interspecific hybridization allows the introgression or movement of alleles from one genome to another. While some genomic regions freely exchange alleles... 相似文献
The solution behaviour of some novel organogold(III) compounds was investigated, and their cytotoxic properties evaluated against a few human tumour cell lines (A2780/S, A2780/R, MCF7, HT29 and A549). Specifically, the following compounds were considered: [Au(bipy(dmb)-H)(2,6-xylidine-H)][PF(6)] (AuXyl) and [Au(bipy(dmb)-H)(p-toluidine-H)][PF(6)] (AuTol) (in which bipy(dmb)=6-(1,1-dimethylbenzyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), [Au(py(dmb)-H)(AcO)(2)] (AuPyAcO) (in which py(dmb)=2-(1,1-dimethylbenzyl)-pyridine) and [Au(pz(Ph)-H)Cl(3)]K (AuPzCl) (in which pz(Ph)=1-phenylpyrazole). The solution chemistry of these compounds, under physiological-like conditions, was investigated through UV-vis absorption and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. Significant cytotoxic effects in vitro were observed in selected cases. 相似文献
Thymidylate synthase (TS) (EC 2.1.1.45), an enzyme involved in the DNA synthesis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, is a potential target for the development of anticancer and antinfective agents. Recently, we described a series of phthalein and naphthalein derivatives as TS inhibitors. These compounds have structures unrelated to the folate (Non-Analogue Antifolate Inhibitors, NAAIs) and were selective for the bacterial versus the human TS (hTS). In particular, halogen-substituted molecules were the most interesting. In the present paper the halogen derivatives of variously substituted 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H,3H-naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1-one (1-5) and 3,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H,3H-naphtho[1,8-c,d]pyran-1-one (6-14) were synthesized to investigate the biological effect of halogen substitution on the inhibition and selectivity for the TS enzymes. Conformational properties of the naphthalein series were explored in order to highlight possible differences between molecules that show species-specific biological profile with respect to non species-specific ones. With this aim, the conformational properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated by NMR, in various solvents and at different temperatures, and by computational analysis. The apparent inhibition constants (K(i)) for Lactobacillus casei TS (LcTS) were found to range from 0.7 to 7.0 microM, with the exception of the weakly active iodo-derivatives (4, 10, 13); all] the compounds were poorly active against hTS. The di-halogenated compounds 7, 8, 14 showed the highest specificity towards LcTS, their specificity index (SI) ranging between 40 and >558. The di-halogenated 1,8-naphthalein derivatives (7-10) exhibited different conformational properties with respect to the tetra-haloderivatives. Though a clear explanation for the observed specificity by means of conformational analysis is difficult to find, some interesting conformational effects are discussed in the context of selective recognition of the compounds investigated by the LcTS enzyme. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to identify a simple, rapid method for sex determination of in vitro produced buffalo embryos, amplifying Y-chromosome-specific repeat sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Buffalo oocytes collected from slaughtered animals were matured, fertilised and cultured in vitro for 7 days. On day 7 embryos were evaluated and divided in to six groups according to developmental stage (2, 4, 8, 16 cells, morulae and blastocyst). Each embryo was stored singly in phosphate-buffered saline at -20 degrees C until PCR. Two different methods of extraction of DNA were compared: a standard procedure (ST), using a normal extraction by phenol-chloroform, isoamyl alcohol and final precipitation in absolute ethanol and a direct procedure (DT), using a commercial kit (Qiaquik-Qiagen mini blood). A pair of bovine satellite primers and two pairs of different bovine Y-chromosome-specific primers (BRY4.a and BRY.1) were used in the PCR assay on embryos and on whole blood samples collected from male and female adult buffaloes, used as control. The trial was carried out on 359 embryos (193 for ST and 166 for DT). When DNA samples from blood were amplified, the sex determined by PCR always corresponded to the anatomical sex. Embryo sexing was not possible in two embryos in ST and one embryo in DT. Both extraction protocols recovered sufficient quantities of target DNA at all developmental stages, but the time required for the ST (24 h) limits its use in embryo sexing and supports the use of commercial extraction kits (5 h). 相似文献